Brownian motion is a stochastic equation of motion that describes particle velocity v , mass m , and drag coefficient γ. It is given by the following equation. m ( dv / dt ) = -γ v + F ( t ) F ( t ) is the force acting on the particle minus the average resistive force -γ v , and is called the fluctuating force. This equation defines the velocity v ( t ) of a Brownian particle driven by a stochastic force F ( t ). In the simplest case of F ( t ), 〈 F ( t )〉 = 0, 〈 F ( t ) F ( t ')〉 = 2γ kT δ( t - t '). 〈 〉 is the time average, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, and δ is a δ function. The probability distribution of the velocity v ( t ) follows the Fokker-Planck equation, which is equivalent to this equation, and for the displacement x of the particle after a sufficiently long time has passed, Einstein's diffusion equation 〈x2〉 = 2( kT /γ ) t holds. This equation is applied not only to Brownian motion in fluids, but also to the study of electron and spin motion in solids. Hajime Mori succeeded in deriving this equation mathematically rigorously. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ブラウン運動を記述する確率的な運動方程式。粒子の速度を v,質量を m,抵抗係数をγとすると,次の式で与えられる。 m(dv/dt)=-γv+F(t) F(t) は粒子が受ける力から,平均の抵抗力 -γv を除いたもので,揺動力と呼ばれる。この方程式は確率的に変化する力 F(t) によって駆動されるブラウン粒子の速度 v(t) を定める。 F(t) の最も簡単な場合は,〈F(t)〉=0,〈F(t)F(t')〉=2γkTδ(t-t') である。〈 〉は時間平均,kはボルツマン定数,Tは絶対温度,δはδ関数である。また速度 v(t) の確率分布はこの方程式に等価なフォッカー=プランク方程式に従い,十分に長い時間が経過したのちの粒子の変位 xに対しては,アインシュタインの拡散式 〈x2〉=2(kT/γ)t が成り立つ。この方程式は流体中のブラウン運動ばかりでなく,固体中の電子やスピン運動の研究に対しても応用されている。森肇はこの方程式を数学的に厳密に導くことに成功した。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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