French astronomer and mathematician. Born into a peasant family in Normandy, he entered the military academy at the age of 16 and showed his talent for mathematics. In 1767, he went to Paris and was recognized by d'Alembert, where he became a professor of mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure and the École Polytechnique, where he studied matrix theory, probability theory, analysis, and other subjects. From 1773 to 1781, he applied the results of his analytical research to the theory of motion of the solar system and discussed the stability of the solar system. He proved that the orbital elements of the solar system fluctuate over a long period of time without changing for many years due to mutual perturbations between Jupiter and Saturn. However, he had a fierce debate with Lagrange about the limits of this fluctuation. His five-volume work "Mechanics of the Spheres," which he wrote between 1799 and 1825, is a compilation that extends Newtonian mechanics to the gravitational and revolutionary motions of celestial bodies, and remains an important text to this day. What made him famous historically was his 1796 publication of "Explanation of the System of the World," which included a discussion of the origin of the solar system that coincided with Kant's nebular theory and supplemented Kant's ideas from a mechanical perspective. His mathematical achievements include "The Analytical Theory of Probability" (1812). In terms of his academic activities, he was elected a member of the Academie des Sciences in 1775, and became its president in 1817. He also served as a member of the Metric System and the Bureau of Longitudes. In terms of social activities, he served as a senator and Minister of the Interior under Napoleon's government, and continued to serve as a member of the House of Peers after the Restoration. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの天文学者、数学者。ノルマンディーの小農の家に生まれ、16歳で陸軍士官学校に入り、数学の才能を発揮した。1767年パリに出て、ダランベールに認められ、高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)や理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)などの数学教授につき、行列論・確率論・解析学などを研究した。1773年から11年間にわたり、解析学研究の成果を太陽系天体の運動論に適用して太陽系の安定性を論じた。すなわち、木星と土星との相互摂動によって軌道要素は長年変化することなく、長周期変動することを証明した。ただし、その変動限界についてはラグランジュとの間で激しい論争が交わされた。また1799年から1825年にかけて著した『天体力学』全5巻は、ニュートン力学を天体の万有引力と公転運動に拡張論及した集大成であって、今日に至るまで重要な原典となっている。彼を歴史的に有名にしたのは、1796年刊の『宇宙体系解説』であって、そのなかに太陽系の起源に関する一考察があり、それがカントの星雲説の構想と一致し、カントの構想を力学的に補充したものになっている。数学の業績としては『確率の解析理論』(1812)がある。学界活動としては、1775年科学アカデミー会員に選ばれ、1817年には総裁に就任した。またメートル法制定委員、経度局委員を歴任。社会的活動としては、ナポレオン政権下で上院議員、内務大臣を務め、王政復古後も貴族院議員の地位にとどまった。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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