An optically inactive substance consisting of equal amounts of enantiomers. When an asymmetric compound is synthesized using raw materials and reagents with no optical activity, a racemic mixture with no optical activity (optical rotation) is obtained. In addition, a racemic mixture can also be obtained by crystallizing a solution containing equal amounts of both enantiomers. A racemic solution is simply a mixture containing equal amounts of the enantiomers, but in solid form, it exists in one of three forms: (1) a racemic compound, (2) a racemic mixture, or (3) a racemic solid solution. In a racemic compound, both enantiomers form a molecular compound with a 1:1 composition, and generally have different properties such as crystal shape, melting point, and solubility compared to the optically active enantiomer. A racemic mixture is a mixture of equal amounts of both enantiomers, and if the crystals are allowed to grow large, the two enantiomers can be picked out with the naked eye. The Frenchman Pasteur's experiment in which he separated crystals of sodium ammonium tartarate into D-tartaric acid and L-tartaric acid is famous. Racemic solid solutions have the characteristic that their melting point is equal to that of the optical antipodes, and that the melting point does not change even if the ratio of the two antipodes is changed, but there are relatively few examples of such solutions. [Mr. Hirota November 18, 2016] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
等しい量の光学対掌体(エナンチオマーenantiomer)からなる光学不活性の物質をいう。光学活性をもたない原料および試薬を用いて不斉(ふせい)化合物を合成すると光学活性(旋光性)をもたないラセミ体が得られるほか、両光学対掌体を等量混合した溶液から結晶させるなどの方法によってもラセミ体が得られる。ラセミ体の溶液は光学対掌体を等量含む混合溶液にすぎないが、固体では、(1)ラセミ化合物、(2)ラセミ混合物、(3)ラセミ固溶体、の3種の形態のいずれかで存在する。ラセミ化合物racemic compoundでは、両対掌体が1:1の組成の分子化合物をつくっていて、一般に、光学活性な対掌体に比べると結晶形、融点、溶解度などの性質が異なっている。ラセミ混合物racemic mixtureは両方の光学対掌体の結晶が等量混じり合ったもので、結晶を大きく成長させると肉眼で両対掌体結晶を拾い分けることもできる。ブドウ酸アンモニウムナトリウムの結晶を拾い分けてD-酒石酸とL-酒石酸に分割したフランスのパスツールの実験は有名である。ラセミ固溶体racemic solid solutionは、光学対掌体と融点が等しく、また両対掌体の比率を変えても融点は変わらないという特色があるが、その例は比較的少ない。 [廣田 穰 2016年11月18日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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