French psychopathologist. Born in Paris. He studied philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure (Ecole Normale Supérieure) and later medicine and psychopathology. After obtaining his doctorate in 1932, he focused on clinical research at the Sainte-Anne Hospital. In 1952, he was expelled from the International Psychoanalytic Association. In 1953, he organized the Paris Psychoanalytic Society and became its leader. In the year before his death, he dissolved the society himself, which caused a stir. With the publication of his collection of essays, "Ecrits," in 1966, he suddenly became famous and is considered one of the leading figures of structuralism. His seminars, which began in 1953, were held at the École Normale Supérieure in 1964 and at the University of Vincennes in Paris in 1969, where they continued to attract large audiences until 1979. He pointed out the forgetting of language in psychoanalysis after Freud and advocated a return to Freud. He asserts that the "mirror stage" precedes Freud's "Oedipus state," and that the unconscious that is the basis of the patient's words is "structured like language." He focuses on the fact that words (parole) indicate a chain of signifiers rather than signifieds, and places emphasis on the distinction between metaphor (repression) and metonymy (substitution) as a method of chaining. He also argues that it is not demands that lead to parole, but the desire of the "other," and that the "phallus" is its object, the central signifier. [Ikenaga Sumi] "Ecrits, 3 volumes, translated by Miyamoto Tadao, Sasaki Koji, et al. (1972-1981, Kobundo)" ▽ "The Sickness of Being Two: Paranoia and Language, by Jacques Lacan, translated by Miyamoto Tadao and Seki Tadamori (1984, Asahi Publishing/Kodansha Academic Library)" ▽ "Family Complex, by Jacques Lacan, translated by Miyamoto Tadao, et al. (1986, Tetsugaku Shobo)" ▽ "Psychoses, 2 volumes, by Jacques Lacan, translated by Koide Hiroyuki, et al. (1987, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Paranoid Psychosis in Relation to Personality, by Jacques Lacan, translated by Miyamoto Tadao, et al. (1987, Asahi Publishing)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの精神病理学者。パリで生まれる。高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)で初め哲学を、のちに医学・精神病理学を学ぶ。1932年学位取得後、サンタンヌ病院の学部臨床を中心に研究、1952年国際精神分析協会より除名されると、翌1953年パリ精神分析学会を組織し自ら指導者となる。しかも、死の前年にはこの学会を自ら解散して話題をよぶ。1966年論集『エクリ』の刊行によりにわかに著名となり、構造主義の代表者の一人とされる。1953年より始められたそのゼミナールは、1964年より高等師範学校、1969年バンセンヌ・パリ大学へ移って続けられ、1979年まで多くの聴衆を集めた。フロイト以後の精神分析学に、ことばの忘却を指摘、フロイトへの還帰を提唱する。フロイトの「エディプス状態」に、「鏡像段階」が先だつことを主張し、また、患者のことばの基底となっている無意識は「言語と同様構造化され」ているという。そのことば(パロール)が所記(シニフィエ)でなく能記(シニフィアン)の連鎖を示していることに着目、連鎖の方式として比喩(ひゆ)、とくに隠喩(メタフォール=抑圧)と換喩(メトニミー=置きかえ)の区別を重視する。またパロールを導くのは要求ではなく、「他者」の欲望であるとし、「ファルス」がその対象、中心的な能記であるとした。 [池長 澄] 『宮本忠雄・佐々木孝次他訳『エクリ』全3巻(1972~1981・弘文堂)』▽『ジャック・ラカン著、宮本忠雄・関忠盛訳『二人であることの病い――パラノイアと言語』(1984・朝日出版社/講談社学術文庫)』▽『ジャック・ラカン著、宮本忠雄他訳『家族複合』(1986・哲学書房)』▽『ジャック・ラカン著、小出浩之他訳『精神病』全2巻(1987・岩波書店)』▽『ジャック・ラカン著、宮本忠雄他訳『人格との関係からみたパラノイア性精神病』(1987・朝日出版社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Rakaposhi [mountain] - Rakaposhi
... Content analysis has revealed that the Palati...
...Population: 78,202 (1995). In the mid-Edo peri...
A small marine animal belonging to the phylum Pla...
…It is translated as the festival of the dedicati...
…It is the center of politics, economy, culture, ...
The name of the region in northern Czech Republic...
…It is the abbreviation for British thermal unit,...
A large-scale circulation of the atmosphere on Ear...
An evergreen tree of the Rutaceae family, this sma...
… The genus Cycas is the only cycad plant in Asia...
French flutist. Born in Saint-Amour, a mountain v...
Indigenous people living in Yakutia, parts of the ...
...It is also used in flower arrangements, but is...
A town located in central Egypt, about 500 km sout...
…For enzymes to be active, it is often necessary ...