A large shared passenger car (→ automobile). It is said that it began in 1830 in England when Goldsworthy Gurney designed a steam-powered stagecoach. In Japan, the first shared car was operated by Nii Shokai, which opened in Kyoto City on September 20, 1903. In Japan, the Road Traffic Law Enforcement Regulations state that it refers to a vehicle with a passenger capacity of 11 or more. There are various types, from microbuses with a capacity of 20 or so people, to large buses with a capacity of over 100 people, and double-decker buses. Depending on the purpose of use, they can be classified as route buses (short distance, long distance; → express bus), tourist buses, postal buses, airport buses, etc. In addition, they can be classified as private or commercial, and by the number of drivers, such as one-man, two-man, or one-two-man. In modern times, the development of internal combustion engines, pneumatic tires, shock absorbers, and improvements to road networks have led to remarkable increases in size and speed, and reliability and comfort (air conditioning, reclining seats, panoramic windows, etc.) in long-distance continuous operation have improved significantly. In recent years, community buses specializing in user convenience and low-floor buses aimed at barrier-free access have become popular. Most are diesel-engine buses that use diesel as fuel, but some use gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas (LP gas). (→ Bus Business) bus |
大型の乗り合い乗用自動車(→自動車)。1830年にイギリスでゴールズワージー・ガーニーが蒸気機関で動く駅馬車を設計したのが始まりとされる。日本では 1903年9月20日,京都市で開業した二井商会によって乗合自動車が運行されたのが最初といわれる。日本の道路交通法施行細則では乗車定員 11人以上のものをさす。定員二十数人までのマイクロバスから,定員 100人をこえる大型バス,2階建てバスにいたるまで各種の型があり,使用目的によって,路線バス(近距離,長距離。→高速バス),観光バス,郵便バス,空港バスなどに分類できる。また自家用,営業用の別や,乗務員による区分としてワンマン,ツーマン,ワンツーマンの別がある。近代以降は内燃機関,空気タイヤ,緩衝装置などの発達,道路網の改良によって大型化,高速化が著しく,また長距離連続稼働における信頼性や快適性(空調設備,リクライニングシート,展望窓など)が大きく向上した。近年では,利用者の利便性に特化したコミュニティーバス,バリアフリーを目的とした低床バスが普及した。軽油を燃料とするディーゼル機関のものが多いが,ガソリン,液化石油ガス(LPガス)を用いるものもある。(→バス事業)
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