When an approximate value or measured value is expressed in decimal notation, it refers to the significant digits (excluding the 0 used to indicate the decimal place) that are higher than the digit containing the error. For example, when a scale with a scale marking up to 1 gram reads 320 grams, 3, 2, and 0 are significant digits, but when the scale marks up to 10 grams and you read 320 grams from the nearest mark, the error is up to 5 grams, so 3 and 2 are significant digits and the 0 at the end is not. Similarly, when a length is measured using a ruler with a scale marking up to millimeters and the result is 0.024 meters, the first two 0s are not significant digits, but 2 and 4 are significant digits. The number of significant digits is an indication of the precision of a measured value or approximate value. In order to clearly distinguish between the zero which only indicates the place value and the significant digit, the first example is written as 3.20×10 2 g, the second example as 3.2×10 2 g, and the third example as 2.4×10 -3 m, and so on, using the format a×10n (where a is a number between 1 and 10 and n is an integer). [Shimada Shigeru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
近似値や測定値を十進(じっしん)記数法で表したとき、誤差を含む位より上の位にある有意義な数字(小数の場合の位取りを示すための0を除く)をいう。たとえば、1グラムまでの目盛りのついた秤(はかり)で、320グラムとなったときは、3、2、0が有効数字であるが、目盛りが10グラムまでで、いちばん近い目盛りを読んで320グラムとなったときは、誤差は最大限5グラムまであるから3、2が有効数字で、終わりの0は有効数字ではない。またミリメートルまでの目盛りのついた物差しで長さを測って0.024メートルとなったときは、初めの二つの0は有効数字でなく2、4が有効数字である。有効数字の桁(けた)数は、測定値や近似値の詳しさを示す目安となる。 なお、位取りを示すだけの0と、有効数字との区別をはっきりさせるためには、第一の例は3.20×102gと、第二の例は3.2×102gと、第三の例は2.4×10-3mというようにa×10n(aは1と10の間の数、nは整数)という書き方をする。 [島田 茂] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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