A microscopic organism belonging to the order Foraminiferida, a class of protozoa (protozoa). Most of them have a mineral shell. Some shells are made of sand grains or shell fragments of small organisms that have been agglutinated together, while others are secreted by the organism itself. Most shells are less than 1 mm in size, but there are rare species that reach more than 10 cm in size. The shell is made up of one or more chambers. The chambers are arranged in various ways, such as linear, planar spiral, or spiral. From the opening of the shell, thread-like protoplasm called pseudopodia radiate out. The pseudopodia repeatedly branch and merge to form a net that covers the entire shell. This plays various roles, such as preying on diatoms, silicoflagellates, and bacteria, digesting them, forming new chambers, attaching, and moving. On the other hand, foraminifera are preyed upon by small gastropods, axopods, pteropods, and crustaceans. Some species are known to have symbiotic algae. They reproduce by alternating asexual division and sexual reproduction. Most species are marine and benthic. There are few brackish or planktonic species. In marine areas with high productivity and little supply of sand and mud from land, large amounts of planktonic foraminifera accumulate, forming foraminiferal mud (Globigerina mud). The star sand that makes up the sandy beaches of islands in warm seas, such as the Yaeyama Islands and Taketomi Island, is also made up of foraminifera. [Yoshihiro Tanimura] fossilThe record of foraminifera can be traced back to the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. Early foraminifera were single-chambered, with agglutinative shells whose mineral matter and shell walls were made of mineral particles and the remains of living organisms, and their habitat was almost exclusively limited to shallow seas. In the middle of the Paleozoic era, foraminifera underwent major differentiation, with the appearance of multichambered ones and the differentiation of foraminifera with isometric, angular, microgranular shells made of calcite. In the Carboniferous period, the microgranular shelled foraminifera differentiated and developed into the fusulinids (fusulinaceans), which grew in size and had specialized structures. Then, at the end of the Carboniferous period, foraminifera with porcelain shells that at first glance appear opaque also appeared. The following Permian period was characterized by the rapid and diverse differentiation of fusulinids. This, along with the sudden extinction at the end of the Permian period, can be said to be the greatest event in the evolutionary history of foraminifera. In the Permian Period, foraminifera with porous glassy calcareous shells appeared, which flourished from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic eras. In the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, some foraminifera that were previously benthic appeared, but were thought to have adapted to a planktonic lifestyle. Around the same time, deep-sea benthic foraminifera also appeared. Their habitats expanded dramatically from the Cretaceous Period to the Cenozoic Era. The Paleogene Period of the Cenozoic Era can be said to be an era of diverse differentiation of large foraminifera, such as nummulites. Towards the end of the Quaternary Period, foraminifera with needle-shaped shells made of elongated calcite crystals appeared. This evolutionary history of foraminifera is the theoretical basis for using foraminifera as standard stones. Late Paleozoic fusulinae and large Paleogene foraminifera have long been used to compare strata and determine their age. Planktonic foraminifera from the mid-Cretaceous period onwards have also played an important role as standard stones. In particular, the role of planktonic foraminifera as standard stones has been immeasurable in the Ocean Drilling Program (DSDP, ODP), which has been carried out with the aim of creating a new dynamic view of the earth, as represented by the term plate tectonics. On the other hand, foraminifera are also used as index fossils. Foraminifera live under the influence and regulation of water temperature, salinity, depth, bottom sediment properties, hydrogen ion concentration, amount of dissolved oxygen, and seafloor topography. Research is being actively conducted to apply the relationship between the environmental conditions of the present ocean and the species composition and morphology of foraminifera to fossil foraminiferal assemblages from geological times, in order to clarify the depositional environment of strata, past ocean currents, climate, etc. Furthermore, foraminifera have long been used as an indispensable clue in oil exploration. [Yoshihiro Tanimura] "Large Foraminifera, by Hanzawa Shoshiro (1973, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Japanese Fossil Collection 21: Planktonic Foraminifera Fossils of the Cenozoic Era, edited by the Japanese Fossil Collection Editorial Committee (1978, Tsukiji Shoten)" ▽ "Japanese Fossil Collection 22: Large Foraminifera Fossils of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods, edited by the Japanese Fossil Collection Editorial Committee (1974, Tsukiji Shoten)" ▽ "The Science of Fossils, edited by the Japanese Paleontological Society (1987, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Fossil Exploration Part 1: From Stromatolites to Drilling Shells, by Fukuda Yoshio (1989, Dobun Shoin)" ▽ "The Science of Paleontology 1: Overview and Classification of Paleontology, edited by Hayami Itaru and Mori Kei (1998, Asakura Shoten)" [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原生動物(原生生物)の肉質虫類、有孔虫目Foraminiferidaに属する微小な生物。多くは鉱物質の殻をもつ。殻には、砂粒や小さな生物の殻の破片などを集めて膠着(こうちゃく)したものと、自ら分泌したものとがある。1ミリメートル以下のものがほとんどであるが、まれに10センチメートル以上に達する種類もある。殻は1個あるいはそれ以上の室で成り立っている。各室は、線状、平面旋回状、螺旋(らせん)状などさまざまな配列をする。殻の開口部より、仮足とよばれる糸状の原形質を放射状に伸ばす。仮足は分枝・合流を繰り返し、網状となって殻全体を覆う。これは、珪藻(けいそう)、珪質鞭毛(べんもう)藻、バクテリアなどの捕食、それらの消化、新室の形成、付着、移動などにさまざまな役割を果たす。一方、有孔虫は、小さな腹足(ふくそく)類、斧足(おのあし)類、翼足(よくそく)類、甲殻類などに捕食される。共生藻類をもつ種類も知られている。無性的な分裂と有性生殖を交互に繰り返して増える。多くの種類は海産で底生である。汽水性のものや浮遊性のものは少ない。生産量が高く、陸からの砂や泥の供給の少ない海域では、浮遊性有孔虫が多量に堆積(たいせき)し、有孔虫軟泥(グロビゲリナ軟泥)が形成される。また、八重山(やえやま)列島や竹富島など、暖海の島の砂浜をつくる星砂も有孔虫である。 [谷村好洋] 化石有孔虫の産出記録は、古生代カンブリア紀までさかのぼることができる。初期の有孔虫は単室で、鉱物質や殻壁が鉱物粒子や生物の遺骸(いがい)からなる膠着質の殻をもち、生息域はほぼ浅海に限られていた。古生代の中ごろ、有孔虫は大きな分化を遂げる。それは、多室形のものの出現と、等大の角張った方解石からなる微粒質殻をもつ有孔虫の分化である。石炭紀には、微粒質殻の有孔虫から、サイズが大きくなり、構造も特殊化したフズリナ類(紡錘虫類)が分化・発展する。そして石炭紀末には、一見、不透明にみえる磁器質殻の有孔虫も現れる。これに続くペルム紀(二畳紀)はフズリナ類の急速かつ多様な分化で特徴づけられる。これはペルム紀末の急激な絶滅とともに、有孔虫の進化史上もっとも大きなできごとといえる。また、ペルム紀には、中生代から新生代へと繁栄する、多孔質なガラス状石灰質の殻をもつ有孔虫が出現する。中生代ジュラ紀に入り、それまですべて底生であった有孔虫のなかに、浮遊生活に適応していたと考えられるものが現れる。また、ほぼ同じころ、深海生活をする底生有孔虫も出現する。それらは、白亜紀以降新生代へと、生息域を飛躍的に広げていくことになる。新生代古第三紀は、貨幣石(ヌムリテス)に代表されるような大形有孔虫の多彩な分化の時代といえる。第四紀の終わりころになって、細長い方解石の結晶からなる針状体質殻をもつ有孔虫が出現する。 このような有孔虫の進化史は、有孔虫化石が標準化石として用いられるときの理論的基礎となっている。後期古生代のフズリナ類、古第三紀の大形有孔虫類などは、古くから地層の対比や時代決定に用いられてきた。これらとともに標準化石として重要な役割を果たしてきたものに、白亜紀中期以降の浮遊性有孔虫類がある。なかでも、プレートテクトニクスということばで代表されるような新しい動的な地球観をつくることを目的に進められてきた国際深海掘削計画(DSDP、ODP)のなかで、標準化石としての浮遊性有孔虫化石が果たした役割は計り知れない。また一方で、有孔虫は示相化石としても重用されている。有孔虫は、水温、塩分、深度、底質の性質、水素イオン濃度、溶存酸素量、海底地形などに影響・規制されて生息している。現在の海洋での、これら環境条件と有孔虫の種組成や形態との関係を地質時代の有孔虫化石群集に適用して、地層の堆積環境や過去の海流像や気候などを明らかにする研究が盛んに行われている。さらに、有孔虫は古くから、石油の探査に欠くことのできない手掛りとして用いられてきた。 [谷村好洋] 『半沢正四郎著『大形有孔虫』(1973・朝倉書店)』▽『日本化石集編集委員会編『日本化石集21 新生代の浮遊性有孔虫化石』(1978・築地書館)』▽『日本化石集編集委員会編『日本化石集22 白亜紀・第三紀の大形有孔虫化石』(1974・築地書館)』▽『日本古生物学会編『化石の科学』(1987・朝倉書店)』▽『福田芳生著『化石探検PART1 ストロマトライトから穿孔貝まで』(1989・同文書院)』▽『速水格・森啓編『古生物の科学1 古生物の総説・分類』(1998・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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