Rent - Yachin

Japanese: 家賃 - やちん
Rent - Yachin

Rent is the regular payment for the use of buildings such as houses, offices, and stores. In the following, we will focus only on house rent. House rent can be broadly divided into private house rent and public house rent based on the principles of its formation, and private house rent can be further divided into two types, free rent and public regulation rent, based on the source of funds.

[Kazuo Tatsumi]

Private housing rent

Rents for ordinary private housing managed by individuals or private corporations using private funds are basically determined by the relationship between the supply and demand for rental housing in the market, but because housing is a long-lasting asset and because land with economically special characteristics accounts for a large proportion of housing management, the disparity in private housing rents is extremely significant. As part of measures to curb price increases during World War II, the Land and Rent Control Order was enacted in 1939 (Showa 14) to keep rents low. Since the housing and land situation remained poor even after the war, the order continued to be applied mainly to rental housing from before the war. This control order expired at the end of 1986 (Showa 61).

Meanwhile, in order to streamline the management of rental housing, the fixed-term lease contract system was introduced in March 2000. Under conventional normal lease contracts, the contract can be renewed unless the landlord has a justifiable reason, but with fixed-term leases, the contract cannot be renewed once the term expires.

Even for private housing, public restrictions are imposed on rents when public funds or interest subsidies are used. For example, the Specified High-Quality Rental Housing System is a mechanism in which private landowners use public subsidies to build, supply, and manage high-quality rental housing, and certain restrictions are imposed on rents.

[Kazuo Tatsumi]

Public housing rent

There are two types of housing: public housing for low-income earners, and public corporation housing (called UR housing after the launch of the Urban Renaissance Agency in 2004) for those mainly with middle incomes. For public housing, local governments set the rent up to a monthly installment of the depreciation amount of the construction cost minus the national subsidy, plus the land rent, repair costs, administrative costs, and non-life insurance premiums. Local governments implement policy-based rent reductions and graded rent systems. As such, the rent for public housing is calculated based on the original cost, which consists of construction costs and operating expenses, and is therefore called "cost (principal) rent."

Public housing used to be divided into two types, Type 1 and Type 2, according to income brackets, but this division was abolished in 1996 in order to optimize the tenant demographics. Also, from the perspective of welfare purposes, it was thought that rent should be determined based on the resident's ability to pay rather than based on the original cost of the housing, so a switch was made from "benefit-based rent," which is determined based on the benefits of the housing, to "ability-based rent," which is determined based on the resident's ability to pay.

Since UR housing was funded by fiscal investment and loan funds and had a cost rent system, rents were considerably higher than public housing, and met the demand of the middle-income bracket. However, in light of the reality of the housing supply and demand situation in society, there has been discussion that the rents of UR housing should be brought in line with the private market, and currently they are set to be equal to the rents of similar private housing in the vicinity of the UR housing. On the other hand, many old and outdated houses that have been under management for many years are kept at low rents, and this UR housing, combined with the aging and low-income residents, is becoming a "second public housing."

[Kazuo Tatsumi]

"Urban Living and Rental Housing" by Nobuaki Morimoto (1994, Gakugei Publishing)

[Reference items] | Public housing | Rented houses | Rental housing | Urban Renaissance Agency

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

住宅や事務所、店舗など、建築物の用役に対して経常的に支払われる賃貸料。以下、住宅の家賃に限定して述べる。住宅の家賃は、その形成原理において大きく民間住宅の家賃と公共住宅の家賃に分けることができ、さらに民間住宅については資金の出所に関連して、自由家賃と公的規則家賃の二つのタイプに分かれる。

[巽 和夫]

民間住宅の家賃

個人や民間法人が民間資金を用いて経営する一般の民間住宅の家賃は、基本的には市場における賃貸住宅の需要と供給との関係で決まるといってよいが、住宅が長期の耐用財であることや、経済的に特殊な性格をもつ土地の住宅経営に占める比重が大きいことなどから、民間住宅家賃の格差はきわめて著しい。第二次世界大戦下の物価騰貴抑制策の一環として、家賃を低額に抑制するために1939年(昭和14)地代家賃統制令が施行された。戦後も住宅・宅地事情は劣悪であったので、戦前からの貸家をおもな対象として引き続いて適用がなされた。この統制令は1986年(昭和61)末で失効した。

 一方、賃貸住宅の経営を合理化するために、2000年(平成12)3月に定期借家契約制度が導入された。従来の普通借家契約では、家主側に正当事由がない限りは契約を更新できるが、定期借家では期間が満了すれば更新しない。

 民間住宅においても、公的資金を利用したり利子補給を受ける場合には、家賃に公的な規制がかかる。たとえば、特定優良賃貸住宅制度は、民間の土地所有者が優良な賃貸住宅を公的助成を利用して建設・供給・管理する仕組みであり、家賃に一定の制約が課せられている。

[巽 和夫]

公共賃貸住宅の家賃

低所得者を対象とする公営住宅と、主として中間所得者を対象とする公団住宅(2004年に都市再生機構が発足してからの名称はUR住宅)等に分かれる。公営住宅では、建設費のうち国からの補助額を差し引いたものの償却額に、地代相当額、修繕費、管理事務費、および損害保険料を加えたものの月割額を限度として地方自治体が決める。地方自治体は政策的な配慮からの家賃減額や傾斜家賃制を実施している。このように公営住宅の家賃は、建設費と経常費とからなる原価を基礎として算出されることから「原価(主義)家賃」と称する。

 公営住宅は収入層に応じて第1種と第2種の2タイプに区分されていたが、1996年(平成8)に入居者層の適正化を図るため、区分をなくした。また福祉目的からいえば、家賃は住宅原価に対応させるよりも居住者の家賃負担能力に応じて決めるほうがよいという考え方から、住宅の便益に応じて決める「応益家賃」から居住者の支払い能力に応じて決める「応能家賃」への切り替えが行われた。

 公団住宅(UR住宅)は、財政投融資金を原資とした原価家賃制をとっていたため、家賃は公営住宅よりはかなり高い水準にあり、中間所得層の需要に対応していた。しかし社会の住宅需給状況の実態から公団住宅(UR住宅)の家賃を民間市場の並びにすべきだとの議論が行われ、現在はUR住宅が立地する近傍に存在する同種の民間住宅家賃に同等とすることとなっている。一方、管理開始後、長年月を経た老朽化、陳腐化した住宅は低家賃に据え置かれているものも少なくなく、こうしたUR住宅は居住者の高齢・低所得化と相まって「第二公営住宅」化の様相を呈している。

[巽 和夫]

『森本信明著『都市居住と賃貸住宅』(1994・学芸出版社)』

[参照項目] | 公営住宅 | 借家 | 賃貸住宅 | 都市再生機構

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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