It is an amount promised in advance to be paid to the other party in the event of failure to perform or delay in performing the obligation stipulated in the contract. The concept of penalty is vague, and in some cases it may be a penalty paid in addition to damages in the event of non-performance of the obligation, a planned amount of damages, or a minimum amount of damages, so it is necessary to determine which of these applies depending on the specific case. Under the current Civil Code, the penalty is presumed to be a planned amount of damages (Article 420, Paragraph 3 of the Civil Code), so even if the non-performance of the obligation is caused by force majeure, or even if the actual amount of damages is more or less than the penalty, the planned amount of damages can be claimed. Therefore, anyone who claims that the purpose is something other than a planned amount of damages must prove this. The penalty for consumer loans cannot exceed 1.46 times the interest rate set by the Interest Rate Restriction Act (Article 4). In addition, a deposit that the recipient may confiscate if the person who gave the deposit does not fulfill the obligation is called a penalty deposit. Of these, a penalty deposit that is automatically confiscated in the event of default and allows for a separate claim for damages due to default is called a penalty penalty. However, in Japan, this type of deposit is rare, and it is often a deposit that has the nature of a forecast amount of damages (a penalty deposit as a forecast amount of damages). [Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
契約で定めた義務を履行できなくなったり、履行が遅れたりした場合に、相手方に支払うことをあらかじめ約束した金額をいう。違約金は漠然とした概念で、場合によって、債務が履行されない場合に損害賠償とは別に制裁金として支払われるものであったり、損害賠償額の予定であったり、あるいは損害賠償額の最低額を決めるものであったりするので、具体的な場合に応じて、そのうちのどれに相当するかを判断しなければならない。現行民法では、違約金を損害賠償額の予定であると推定している(民法420条3項)ので、債務の不履行が不可抗力によって生じた場合でも、また実際の損害額が違約金より多くても少なくても、予定された賠償額を請求できることになる。したがって、賠償額の予定以外の趣旨であることを主張する者は、これを立証しなくてはならない。金銭の消費貸借についての違約金は、利息制限法に定められた利率の1.46倍を超えることはできない(4条)。 なお、手付金を渡した者が債務を履行しない場合には、これを受け取った者が没収してもよいという約束の手付を違約手付という。このうち、債務不履行の場合には当然没収され、債務不履行による損害賠償を別に請求することができる違約手付を、違約罰という。しかし、日本ではこの種の手付は少なく、損害賠償額の予定の性質をもつ手付(賠償額の予定としての違約手付)であることが多い。 [高橋康之・野澤正充] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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