Melbourne - Melborun (English spelling) Melbourne

Japanese: メルボルン - めるぼるん(英語表記)Melbourne
Melbourne - Melborun (English spelling) Melbourne

It is the capital of the state of Victoria in southeastern Australia. It is the second largest city in the country after Sydney. The size of Melbourne as a metropolis is not fixed, but the Bureau of Statistics defines it as having an area of ​​7,693.7 square kilometers and an urban population of 3,366,542 (2001). The urban area is centered on the inner city (Melbourne City in the narrow sense) located in the lower Yarra River that flows into the head of Port Phillip Bay, and spreads across all or part of 52 local municipalities. In addition, as a statistical district for social and economic statistics, it is often referred to as the broader Melbourne metropolitan area that includes 56 local municipalities. Basic administrative services are provided by each local government, but many urban management projects such as urban planning, urban transportation, and water supply and sewerage are carried out on a wide scale by each business entity or state government agency. The climate is a west coast marine climate (Cfb), with an average temperature of 20.8 °C in the warmest month (February) and 10.3 °C in the coldest month (July), and an annual precipitation of 659 mm. Of the five major cities in Australia, it is the coolest and has the fewest sunny days.

[Tatsuya Taniuchi]

Industry and Culture

Alongside Sydney, Melbourne is the industrial, transport and cultural centre of Australia, and is a representative industrial and port city in the country. More than 80% of the state's workforce is in the commercial, industrial and financial industries. The number of industrial workers and production value is more than a quarter of the national total, placing it in first and second place with Sydney, and it is particularly notable for textiles and clothing, automobiles, machinery and chemicals. The port is located on the Yarra River downstream from the city centre and on the shores of Port Phillip Bay, and handles nearly 90% of the state's overseas imports and exports. In particular, Melbourne is second only to Sydney in terms of overseas imports, accounting for about 30% of the national total. Melbourne (Tullamarine) Airport, located in the northwest of the city, is the second largest international airport in the country after Sydney. Cultural facilities include the Victorian Arts Centre (opened in 1968), which has the functions of an art museum and a concert hall, as well as museums and libraries. There are also many higher education institutions in the city, including the University of Melbourne (founded in 1853), Monash University (founded in 1961), La Trobe University (founded in 1967), and many others.

[Tatsuya Taniuchi]

city

In the city center, offices and shops are concentrated in the area that was originally built, which is half a mile wide and one mile long (1 mile is about 1.6 kilometers), and it combines traditional aspects seen in old buildings and trams with modern aspects seen in rows of high-rise buildings. There are many parks around the city center, such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, the cricket ground that was the main venue for the 1956 Olympics, and Flemington Racecourse, known for the Melbourne Cup. The suburban residential areas mainly spread out in an east-southeast direction, and rail and bus routes extend radially from there.

[Tatsuya Taniuchi]

history

Melbourne's history began in 1835 with a private settlement by John Batman (1800-40), but it became an official settlement in 1837 and was named after the British Prime Minister at the time. It became a municipality (town) in 1842 and a city in 1847. After the gold rush of the 1850s, it grew into Australia's largest city in the second half of the 19th century, against the backdrop of industrialization due to wool exports and the protective tariff policy of the colony of Victoria. It was the federal capital from 1901 to 1927, when federation was first established.

[Tatsuya Taniuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストラリア南東部、ビクトリア州の州都。シドニーに次ぐ同国第二の都市。大都市としてのメルボルンの範囲は一定していないが、統計局の定義による面積7693.7平方キロメートル、市街地人口は336万6542(2001)。この市街地は、ポート・フィリップ湾の湾奥に注ぐヤラ川下流部に位置する都心部(狭義のメルボルン市)を中心に、52の地方自治体の全域あるいは一部にまたがって広がる。さらに社会・経済統計用の統計地区として、56の地方自治体を包含する広義のメルボルン都市圏をさすことも多い。基本的な行政サービスは各地方自治体が行うが、都市計画、都市交通、上下水道など都市運営事業の多くは、それぞれの事業主体あるいは州政府機関によって広域的に行われる。気候は西岸海洋性気候(Cfb)で、平均気温は最暖月(2月)が20.8℃、最寒月(7月)が10.3℃、年降水量は659ミリメートルである。オーストラリア大陸の五大都市のなかではもっとも冷涼で晴天日数が少ない。

[谷内 達]

産業・文化

シドニーと並ぶオーストラリアの産業、交通、文化の中心地であり、同国の代表的な工業・港湾都市である。商工業、金融関係の従事者数は州の8割以上を占める。工業の従事者数と生産額は全国の4分の1以上に達し、シドニーと1、2位を争う規模で、とくに繊維・衣料品、自動車、機械、化学に特色がある。港湾は都心部付近から下流のヤラ川沿岸とポート・フィリップ湾岸にあり、州の海外輸出入額の9割近くを取り扱う。とくに海外輸入額ではシドニーに次いで同国第2位で、全国の約3割を占める。市街地の北西部にあるメルボルン(タラマリン)空港はシドニーに次ぐ同国第二の国際空港である。文化施設としては、美術館とコンサートホールなどの機能を備えたビクトリア芸術センター(1968開館)をはじめ、博物館、図書館などが整っている。またメルボルン大学(1853創立)、モナシュ大学(1961創立)、ラトローブ大学(1967創立)ほか多くの高等教育機関がある。

[谷内 達]

市街

都心部では、最初に建設された幅半マイル、長さ1マイル(1マイルは約1.6キロメートル)の区域を中心に、オフィス、商店が集中しており、古い建物や路面電車にみられる伝統的な面と高層ビルの並ぶ現代的な面とをあわせもっている。都心部の周辺には王立植物園など多くの公園や、1956年のオリンピックの主会場となったクリケット場、メルボルン・カップで知られるフレミントン競馬場などがある。郊外住宅地は主として東・南東方向に広がり、鉄道・バス路線網が放射状に延びている。

[谷内 達]

歴史

メルボルンの歴史は1835年のバットマンJohn Batman(1800―40)による私的入植に始まるが、37年に公的に入植地となり、当時のイギリス首相の名にちなんで命名された。1842年に自治体(町)となり、47年に市となった。1850年代のゴールド・ラッシュ以降、羊毛輸出やビクトリア植民地の保護関税政策による工業化を背景に、19世紀後半にはオーストラリア第一の都市として成長した。連邦結成当初の1901~27年には連邦首都であった。

[谷内 達]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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