Monte Carlo method

Japanese: モンテカルロ法 - もんてかるろほう
Monte Carlo method

This is a mathematical method proposed by von Neumann and Ulam in the mid-1940s, and simply put, it is a method of solving problems using random numbers.

Conceptually, the classic Buffon's Needle problem can be considered an example of the Monte Carlo method. If a number of parallel lines are drawn on the floor with a spacing of 2a between them, and a needle of length 2l ( l < a ) is dropped from above, the probability p that the needle will intersect with the parallel lines is p = 2l / . If a needle dropping experiment is performed N times, and the number of times that the dropped needle intersects with the parallel lines is n , then n / N can be seen as an approximation of p . In this way, an approximation of π can be experimentally determined, since π ≒ 2lN / an . This is the Buffon's Needle problem.

Applications of the Monte Carlo method are broadly divided into two categories. One is application to stochastic problems, and the other is application to deterministic problems. For stochastic problems, a stochastic model is considered to directly represent the problem. For example, in inventory management problems, demand changes stochastically, and in queuing problems, customer arrival status and service time fluctuate stochastically. In these models, the stochastic parts can be expressed using random numbers to experimentally find a solution to the problem. For deterministic problems, first, an appropriate stochastic model corresponding to the problem is set. The Buffon's needle problem is of this type. In addition, stochastic models can be considered for many deterministic problems, such as numerically finding the inverse matrix, numerically finding the value of a definite integral, and finding the numerical solution to a boundary value problem of a partial differential equation, and the problem can be solved using random numbers in the same way as for stochastic problems. However, when direct numerical calculation (without going through a stochastic model) is possible, it seems to be more effective than the Monte Carlo method. Recently, the method of solving the problem by computer simulation using random numbers is called the Monte Carlo method.

[Shigeru Furuya]

[Reference] | Simulation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1940年代のなかばごろ、ノイマンとウラムによって提案された数学的方法で、簡単にいえば問題を乱数を用いて解く方法である。

 古典的なビュフォンの針の問題は、考え方としてはモンテカルロ法の一例といえる。床の上に2aの間隔で平行線を何本も引いておき、上から長さ2lla)の針を落とすと、針が平行線と交わる確率pp=2laπとなる。そこで針を落とす実験をN回行って落ちた針が平行線と交わった回数がnであれば、n/Npの近似値とみることができる。こうしてπ≒2lN/anからπの近似値を実験によって求めることができる。これがビュフォンの針の問題である。

 モンテカルロ法の応用は次の二つに大別される。一つは確率的問題への応用であり、もう一つは決定論的問題への応用である。確率的問題ではそれを直接表現する確率モデルを考える。たとえば、在庫管理の問題では需要が確率的に変化し、待ち行列の問題では客の到着状態やサービス時間が確率的に変動する。これらのモデルにおいて確率的な部分を乱数を用いて表現して問題の解を実験的に求めることができる。決定論的問題では、まず、その問題に対応する適当な確率モデルを設定する。ビュフォンの針の問題はこの型である。また、逆行列を数値的に求めること、定積分の値を数値的に求めること、偏微分方程式の境界値問題の数値解を求めることなど、多くの決定論的問題に対しても確率モデルを考え、確率的問題の場合と同様に乱数を用いて問題を解決することができる。しかし直接に(確率モデルを経由しないで)数値計算が可能な場合には、そのほうがモンテカルロ法より効果的のようである。最近では、乱数を用いて計算機によるシミュレーションで解く方法をモンテカルロ法とよんでいる。

[古屋 茂]

[参照項目] | シミュレーション

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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