It is a representative opium alkaloid, isolated from opium by the German pharmacist Sertürner in 1805. Its hydrochloride salt, morphine hydrochloride, is used medicinally, primarily as a painkiller. It appears as white crystals or crystalline powder and is odorless. It dissolves easily in water and changes color when exposed to light. It is a poison whose handling is regulated by the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Control Law. Morphine's analgesic effect is due to its action on the central nervous system, and is characterized by the fact that it occurs before or without sleep, and causes a feeling of euphoria. Increasing the amount of morphine can cause drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression. It also promotes the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in a decrease in urinary volume, hyperglycemia, and pupil constriction. On the intestinal tract, it causes constipation. Therefore, in addition to its analgesic effects, morphine's pharmacological effects are also seen in opium tincture, which is used as an antidiarrheal to treat stubborn diarrhea, and apomorphine, which is used as an emetic. Repeated use of morphine can lead to tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms. However, it is an indispensable painkiller for cancer pain, and is available in tablet, granule and liquid form in addition to injections, with special preparations (sustained-release tablets, capsules and granules) being particularly popular for internal use to control cancer pain. Additionally, the narcotic antagonists nalorphine, levallorphan and naloxone are used to treat respiratory depression, a side effect, and morphine atropine injections containing atropine sulfate are used to treat increased secretions. Among morphine derivatives, diacetylmorphine (heroin) is highly effective but also has severe side effects, and is not used for medicinal purposes. [Fumiji Koho] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
代表的なアヘンアルカロイドで、1805年ドイツの薬剤師ゼルチュルナーSertürnerによってアヘンから単離された。塩酸塩である塩酸モルヒネが、おもに鎮痛剤として医薬用に使われる。白色の結晶または結晶性粉末で、においはない。水に溶けやすく、光によって変化する。麻薬及び向精神薬取締法により取扱いが規制されている毒薬である。 モルヒネの鎮痛作用は中枢神経系に作用することによるが、その特徴は睡眠に陥る前または睡眠を伴わずにおこり、多幸感をおこす。量を増すと、傾眠状態、悪心、嘔吐(おうと)、呼吸抑制がみられる。そのほか、抗利尿ホルモンの分泌を促進して尿量の減少をみたり、高血糖の発現や瞳孔(どうこう)の収縮もみられる。腸管に対しては便秘がおこる。したがって、モルヒネの薬理効果は鎮痛のほか、止瀉(ししゃ)剤として頑固な下痢症の治療にアヘンチンキなどが用いられたり、催吐剤としてアポモルヒネが使われる。 モルヒネは繰り返して用いることにより耐性を生ずるとともに、身体性依存および禁断現象が現れる。しかし、癌性疼痛(がんせいとうつう)にはなくてはならない鎮痛剤であり、注射のほか、錠剤、顆粒(かりゅう)剤、液剤があり、とくに特効製剤(徐放(じょほう)錠、カプセル、細粒)が内用で癌性疼痛のコントロールに繁用されている。また、副作用である呼吸抑制に対しては麻薬拮抗(きっこう)剤であるナロルフィン、レバロルファン、ナロキソンが用いられ、分泌液の増加に対しては硫酸アトロピンを配合したモルヒネアトロピン注射液が用いられる。 なお、モルヒネ誘導体のうち、ジアセチルモルヒネ(ヘロイン)は効力も大であるが副作用も大で、医薬用には使われていない。 [幸保文治] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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