Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von

Japanese: モルトケ(英語表記)Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von
Born: October 26, 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg
Died April 24, 1891. Berlin, Germany. Prussian military officer. Father of the modern German army. Known as Moltke the Elder, in contrast to Moltke the Younger, who was Chief of the German General Staff during World War I. After receiving his education at the Cadet Military Academy in Copenhagen, he enlisted in the Danish army, but in 1822 he joined the Prussian army. In 1835 he made an inspection tour of the Middle East, and then became an advisor to the Turkish army, where he worked to reorganize and modernize it. Returning to Germany in 1839, he rejoined the Prussian army, and in 1855 he became adjutant to Frederick William (later Frederick III), and in 1858 he became Chief of the General Staff, promoting military reform. He demonstrated his excellent strategic and tactical talents as a leader in the Danish War (1864), the Prussian-Austrian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). The new system he established in the General Staff (general operational command) became the model for all modern military forces. He retired in 1888. He was humble and taciturn, and was called the "Great Silent Man." Although he often clashed with Bismarck on military issues, he always prioritized politics. He is considered one of the greatest military leaders of the 19th century. He was also known as a writer, and his "Essays and Memoirs" (Gesammelte Schriften und Denkwürdigkeiten) (8 volumes, 1991-1993) and "Collection of Letters" (Moltkes Briefe) (2 volumes, 1922) were published after his death.

Moltke
Moltke, Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von

Born: May 25, 1848, Gersdorf, Mecklenburg
[Died] June 18, 1916. Berlin, Germany. Prussian military officer. Known as Moltke the Younger, in contrast to his uncle Moltke the Elder. He joined the Prussian army in 1870, and in 1882 became Moltke the Elder's adjutant, and in 1903 became Chief of Staff of the German army. In 1906 he succeeded A. Schlieffen as Chief of Staff of the German army, and led the German army's strategy at the start of World War I. His revised plan, the so-called Schlieffen Plan, devised by his predecessor Schlieffen, failed to achieve a swift victory over France, and he resigned after the defeat at the Battle of the Marne in 1914. He is said to have been a tragic military officer who was highly trusted by Emperor Wilhelm II, and therefore shouldered excessive responsibility.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1800.10.26. メクレンブルク,パルヒム
[没]1891.4.24. ベルリン
ドイツ,プロシアの軍人。近代ドイツ陸軍の父。第1次世界大戦当時のドイツ軍参謀総長モルトケ (小モルトケ) に対し,大モルトケと呼ばれる。コペンハーゲンの陸軍幼年学校で教育を受けたのち,デンマーク軍に入隊したが,1822年プロシア軍に入隊。 35年中近東を視察旅行し,そのままトルコ軍顧問となってその再編,近代化に尽した。 39年帰国,再びプロシア軍に入り,55年フリードリヒ・ウィルヘルム (のちのフリードリヒ3世) の副官,58年参謀総長となり軍制改革を推進し,デンマーク戦争 (1864) ,プロシア=オーストリア戦争 (66) ,普仏戦争 (70~71) を指導,そのすぐれた戦略・戦術的才能を遺憾なく発揮した。彼が参謀部に設けた新制度 (総括的作戦指令) は,その後近代化されたあらゆる軍隊が範とするにいたった。 88年退役。謙遜かつ寡黙で,「偉大な沈黙者」と呼ばれ,軍事問題でしばしばビスマルクと衝突はしたが,常に政治を優先させた。 19世紀における最もすぐれた軍事指揮者の一人とされている。文筆家としても知られ,死後『論文集および回想録』 Gesammelte Schriften und Denkwürdigkeiten (8巻,91~93) ,『書簡集』 Moltkes Briefe (2巻,1922) が刊行された。

モルトケ
Moltke, Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von

[生]1848.5.25. メクレンブルク,ゲルスドルフ
[没]1916.6.18. ベルリン
ドイツ,プロシアの軍人。叔父のモルトケ (大モルトケ) に対して,小モルトケと呼ばれる。 1870年プロシア軍に入り,82年大モルトケの副官,1903年主計総監。 06年 A.シュリーフェンの跡を継いでドイツ軍参謀総長となり第1次世界大戦開戦時のドイツ軍の戦略を指導。前任者シュリーフェンの立案になる,いわゆるシュリーフェン・プランを修正した彼の作戦は,フランスに対する敏速な勝利を得ることができず,14年マルヌ会戦に敗れて辞任した。皇帝ウィルヘルム2世の信任厚く,そのために過大な責任を負わされた悲劇の軍人と評されている。

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