ODA - Official Development Assistance

Official Development Assistance. This refers to grant aid, technical cooperation, investments and contributions to UN agencies and international development financial institutions (all of which are "donations") implemented by developed country governments with the aim of economic development and improving welfare in developing countries, as well as government loans with relaxed conditions (interest rates, repayment period, grace period) (loan aid).

Since its inception, the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been working to expand ODA, and the total amount of ODA provided by the member countries of the DAC (29 countries excluding the European Union (EU)) was $147.2 billion in 2017 on a net disbursement basis (total disbursements - amount of repayment of past loans). Since 2018, the grant-equivalent accounting method has been introduced for loan aid, which records the amount equivalent to a grant (grant-equivalent amount) as ODA. Under this method, the total amount of ODA provided in 2020 is $161.2 billion (provisional figure). This total amount represents 0.32% of the gross national income (GNI) of these countries.

In Japan, grant aid was traditionally provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, technical cooperation by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, and yen loans by the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (later the Japan Bank for International Cooperation). However, in October 2003, these were consolidated into the newly established independent administrative institution, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

In June 1992, the Japanese government established the ODA Charter, which stated the following as its policy for providing ODA: (1) balancing the environment and development, (2) avoiding military uses and the promotion of international conflicts, (3) keeping a close eye on trends in military expenditures and arms trade in developing countries, and (4) supporting efforts toward democratization and market economies. The ODA Charter was revised in 2003, and was revised again in 2015 when the Development Cooperation Charter was established. The Development Cooperation Charter sets out the objectives and basic policies of development cooperation, centered on ODA, (1) contributing to peace and prosperity through non-military cooperation, (2) promoting human security, (3) cooperation toward self-reliant development through support for self-help efforts and dialogue and collaboration based on Japan's experience and expertise, (1) priority policies (1) "quality growth" and poverty eradication through it, (2) sharing universal values ​​and realizing a peaceful and secure society, (3) building a sustainable and resilient international community through addressing global issues), implementation principles (1) principles for promoting effective and efficient development cooperation, (2) principles for ensuring the appropriateness of development cooperation), and basic policies regarding the implementation structure.

Japan's ODA performance (total disbursements) was number one in the world for 10 years from 1991, but it has since dropped in rank, and in 2020 (provisional figures), it moved up one place from the previous year to third among DAC members after the United States and Germany. The reason for the increase in total disbursements compared to the previous year is the implementation of emergency support yen loans to deal with the global spread of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In addition to the amount of ODA disbursements, strategic and effective implementation of ODA in line with the priority policies of the Development Cooperation Charter is required.

[Junji Nakagawa February 18, 2022]

"Official Development Assistance (ODA) White Paper" compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (up to the 2014 edition, each year's edition) " "Development Cooperation White Paper" compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015 edition to 2020 edition)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

政府開発援助。開発途上国の経済開発や福祉の向上を目的として、先進国政府が実施する無償資金協力、技術協力、国連諸機関や国際開発金融機関などへの出資・拠出（以上「贈与」）ならびに条件（金利、返済期間、据置き期間）の緩い政府借款（有償資金協力）のこと。

　経済協力開発機構（OECD）の開発援助委員会（DAC）は、発足以来ODAの拡大などを進めてきたが、同委員会に参加する先進諸国（ヨーロッパ連合〈EU〉を除く29か国）のODA総額は、支出純額（支出総額－過去の貸付の返済額）ベースで2017年には1472億ドルであった。2018年以降は有償資金協力について、贈与に相当する額（贈与相当額）をODAに計上する贈与相当額計上方式が導入された。この方式による2020年のODA総額は1612億ドルとなっている（暫定値）。この総額がこれらの国の国民総所得（GNI）に占める割合は0.32％である。

　日本では、従来、無償資金協力は外務省、技術協力は国際協力事業団、円借款は海外経済協力基金（のち国際協力銀行）が実施してきたが、2003年（平成15）10月から新たに発足した独立行政法人国際協力機構（JICA(ジャイカ)）に一元化された。

　日本政府は1992年（平成4）6月、ODA供与の方針として、(1)環境と開発の両立、(2)軍事的用途・国際紛争助長への使用回避、(3)開発途上国の軍事支出、武器貿易の動向を注視、(4)民主化、市場経済化への努力支援、をうたったODA大綱を策定した。ODA大綱は2003年に改訂されたが、2015年に再度改訂されて開発協力大綱が策定された。開発協力大綱は、ODAを中心とする開発協力について、その目的、基本方針（(1)非軍事的協力による平和と繁栄への貢献、(2)人間の安全保障の推進、(3)自助努力支援と日本の経験と知見を踏まえた対話・協働による自立的発展に向けた協力）、重点政策（(1)「質の高い成長」とそれを通じた貧困撲滅、(2)普遍的価値の共有、平和で安全な社会の実現、(3)地球規模課題への取り組みを通じた持続可能で強靭(きょうじん)な国際社会の構築）、実施上の原則（(1)効果的・効率的な開発協力推進のための原則、(2)開発協力の適正性確保のための原則）と実施体制についての基本方針を定めている。

　日本のODA実績（支出総額）は1991年以降10年間世界第1位であったが、その後順位を落とし、2020年の実績（暫定値）は前年から一つ順位を上げ、アメリカ、ドイツに次いでDACメンバー中第3位であった。前年に比べ実績支出総額が伸びた要因は、新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID(コビッド)-19）の世界的な拡大に対処するため緊急支援円借款などを実施したことによる。ODA支出額の多寡もさることながら、開発協力大綱の重点政策に沿った戦略的で効果的なODAの実施が求められる。

［中川淳司　2022年2月18日］

『外務省編『政府開発援助（ODA）白書』（2014年版まで、各年版）』▽『外務省編『開発協力白書』（2015年版～2020年版）』

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