Umenokigoke - Umenokigoke

Japanese: ウメノキゴケ - うめのきごけ
Umenokigoke - Umenokigoke

A representative species of the Parmeliaceae lichen family. A foliose lichen that grows in colonies on stone walls and tree trunks. The foliage spreads in an almost circular shape, reaching 10-20 centimeters in diameter. When dry, the surface is gray-green, but when moistened, it becomes a slightly darker green. As it ages, the central surface of the foliage becomes rough with dense, powdery needles, but the rest of the foliage is smooth. The edges of the foliage are shallowly incised and slightly wavy. The pubescence is rare, cup-shaped, and as it ages, it becomes disk-shaped, brown inside, and the edges crack irregularly when ripe. It is widely distributed in warm regions around the world, but in Japan it is often found in lowlands, especially near the coast. In some areas, it is used as a material for pine decorations for the New Year and flower arrangements.

Lichens of the Parmeliaceae family, Parmeliaceae, are collectively called Parmeliaceae. All are foliose lichens, with elliptical or circular thallus spreading out, but some have thin, divided thallus. The spores are discoid, the base of the disc is brown or blackish brown, and the spores are colorless and consist of a single chamber. This genus contains over 1,000 species, distributed almost worldwide. About 80 species are known in Japan, including Parmeliaceae, P. squarrosa , Menegazzia terebrata , Evernia prunastri , P. olivacea, P. homogenes , and P. clavulifera . Among the Parmelioides species, Parmelioides humile and Parmelioides sieboldii, which prefer to grow in lowlands, are sometimes used as environmental indicators based on their growth volume and distribution. In other words, by investigating the distribution of Parmelioides species in cities and their surrounding areas and illustrating the locations where each species grows, areas lacking Parmelioides species are identified as areas with severe air pollution. Environmental measurements using this method have been used for a long time in Canada, the UK, and other countries, and only recently have attempts been made to use this method in Japan as well.

[Masami Sato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地衣類ウメノキゴケ科の代表的な1種。石垣や木の幹などに群生する葉状地衣。葉状体はほぼ円形に広がり、直径10~20センチメートルになる。表面は乾くと灰緑色をしているが、湿るとやや緑色が濃くなる。古くなると葉状体の中央部の表面に細かい粉状の針芽を密生してざらつくが、他の部分は滑らかである。葉状体の縁は浅く切れ込み、やや波状になる。子器はまれにでき、杯(はい)状で、古くなると盤状になり、中は褐色、熟すると縁が不規則に割れる。全世界の暖地に広く分布しているが、日本では低地、とくに海岸近くに多くみられる。地方によっては正月の松飾りやいけ花の材料として利用する。

 ウメノキゴケ科ウメノキゴケ属の地衣を総称してウメノキゴケということもある。すべて葉状地衣で、葉状体は楕円(だえん)状ないし円状に広がるが、葉状体が細く分かれるものもある。子器は円盤状、盤の底は褐色か黒褐色、胞子は無色で1室からなる。この属には1000種以上の種類が含まれていて、ほとんど全世界に分布する。日本には80種ほどが知られていて、ウメノキゴケのほかにカラクサゴケP. squarrosa、センシゴケMenegazzia terebrataや、ツノマタゴケEvernia prunastri、オリーブゴケP. olivacea、ウチキウメノキゴケP. homogenes、マツゲゴケP. clavuliferaなどがある。ウメノキゴケ属の種類のうちで、低地に好んで生育するウメノキゴケ、マツゲゴケなどは、その生育量や分布の状態から、環境指標として利用されることがある。すなわち、都市およびその周辺部におけるウメノキゴケ属の種の分布状態を調べ、各種類の生育地点を図示することによって、ウメノキゴケ属の種が欠けている部分は、大気汚染が進んでいる地域とされている。この方法による環境測定はカナダ、イギリスなどでは早くから行われていたが、日本でも最近になって、この方法による測定の試みがなされるようになった。

[佐藤正己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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