The end of the small intestine transitions into the large intestine, the beginning of which is the cecum. The ascending colon continues from the cecum. The cecum is located in the iliac fossa in the lower right abdomen, and the iliopsoas muscle is located behind it. The part where the ileum at the end of the small intestine opens into the large intestine is called the ileocecal orifice, and the cecum is located about 5 to 6 centimeters below this. The lower end of the cecum is a dead end and forms a pouch. It is the largest of the large intestine. The ileocecal orifice is located on the posterior medial wall of the upper end of the cecum, and at this part the ileum protrudes slightly into the large intestine lumen, where a fold-like protrusion called the ileocecal valve (colonic valve) can be seen. This valve is divided into an upper lip and a lower lip, which face each other like lips. The ileocecal valve is surrounded by a thickened internal circular muscle that continues from the ileum, acting like a sphincter, regulating the inflow of contents from the ileum and, conversely, preventing reflux from the large intestine. The cecum is surrounded by the peritoneum and is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by the cecal mesentery, but depending on the condition of this mesentery, the cecum may assume various abnormal positions. This is called a mobile cecum, and clinical symptoms (lower abdominal discomfort, dull pain, etc.) appear. However, the normal physiological range of movement is considered to be up to 6 cm upward and 2 cm downward. The appendix (vermiform process) is an organ that originates from the same source as the cecum. The appendix is a finger-like organ that protrudes from the posterior medial wall of the cecum. It is about 6 to 8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 1 centimeter thick, but there is a large individual variation. The appendix is also wrapped in the peritoneum, has a mesenteric ligament, and is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. It is somewhat mobile, but is generally located in the right iliac fossa. In humans, it is not well developed and does not have much functional significance (herbivores have long appendices). Most of what is generally called appendicitis is actually appendicitis, and the tender point in this case is limited to about one-third of the way to the right on the line connecting the navel and the right anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis. This area is called the McBurney point, and is important in clinical diagnosis. The McBurney point is also the projection point of the appendix onto the abdominal wall. The cecum is present in reptiles and above. [Kazuyo Shimai] [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Location of the large intestine Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
小腸の末端部は大腸に移行するが、その始部が盲腸である。盲腸からは上行結腸が続く。盲腸の位置は右下腹部で腸骨窩(か)に収まり、盲腸の後ろには腸腰(ちょうよう)筋がある。小腸の末端の回腸が大腸に開く部分を回盲口(こう)といい、これから下方に約5~6センチメートルの長さで盲腸がある。盲腸の下端は行き詰まりで嚢(のう)状となっている。太さは大腸のなかではもっとも大きい。回盲口は盲腸上端の後内側壁にあって、回腸はこの部分でやや大腸内腔(くう)に突出し、回盲弁(結腸弁)とよぶヒダ(襞)状の隆起がみられる。この弁は上唇・下唇に分かれ、口唇のように向き合っている。回盲弁の周囲には回腸から続いている内輪筋が肥厚して取り巻き、括約(かつやく)筋のような役割をしており、回腸からの内容物の流入を調節したり、逆に大腸からの逆流を防ぐように働いている。 盲腸は腹膜に包まれていて、盲腸間膜によって後腹壁に連結しているが、この間膜の状態によって、盲腸がいろいろと異常な位置をとることがある。これを移動性盲腸とよび、臨床症状(下腹部の不快感、鈍痛など)が現れる。しかし、上方6センチメートル、下方2センチメートルまでは正常な生理的移動範囲とされている。 盲腸と発生源が同じ器官として虫垂(ちゅうすい)(虫様突起)がある。虫垂は盲腸の後内側壁から突出する指状の器官で、長さは約6~8センチメートル、太さは0.5~1センチメートルであるが、個人差も多い。虫垂も腹膜に包まれて虫垂間膜をもち、後腹壁に固着している。多少の移動性はあるが、一般に右腸骨窩に位置する。ヒトの場合は発達も弱く、あまり機能的な意義は認められない(草食動物では長い虫垂をもっている)。一般に盲腸炎とよんでいるものの多くは虫垂炎のことで、このときの圧痛点は、へそ(臍)と骨盤の右の上前腸骨棘(きょく)とを結ぶ線上で、右よりほぼ3分の1の部位に限局する。この部位をマックバーネー点とよび、臨床診断上、重要である。また、マックバーネー点は虫垂の腹壁に対する投影点でもある。なお、盲腸が存在するのは爬虫(はちゅう)類以上である。 [嶋井和世] [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 大腸の部位 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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