Invalid - Beyond

Japanese: 無効 - むこう
Invalid - Beyond

In private law, legal acts (contracts, wills, etc.) are invalid because they do not meet the requirements for validity. Contracts that violate public order and good morals are invalid (Article 90 of the Civil Code), and marriages that are not registered are invalid (Article 742 of the Civil Code). In some cases, it is stipulated that it "will not take effect" (Article 113 of the Civil Code - unauthorized representation). In other cases, it is stipulated that it "cannot be revoked" even though it lacks the requirements for validity, just like invalidity. For example, Article 5 of the Civil Code stipulates that legal acts such as contracts made by minors without the consent of their parents can be revoked. Invalid acts do not take effect from the beginning, and anyone can claim invalidity at any time, but revocable acts are valid until they are revoked, and become invalid retroactively upon revocation (Article 121 of the Civil Code). The person with the right to rescind the act is also specified, and there are also time limits for exercising the right to rescind (Articles 120 and 126 of the Civil Code). Furthermore, invalid acts are not valid even through ratification, but revocable acts are valid through ratification (Article 119 and following of the same law). There are many exceptions to the above principles. For example, the invalidity of a company's incorporation can only be asserted by filing a lawsuit within two years from the date of incorporation, and those who can file a lawsuit are limited to shareholders, etc. (Article 828 of the Companies Act). Furthermore, administrative acts are also invalid if there is a significant and obvious defect.

[Takayoshi Ito]

"Takashi Uchida, Civil Law I, 4th Edition, General Provisions and General Theory of Property Rights" (2008, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Cancel

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

私法上、法律行為(契約、遺言など)が有効要件を欠き法律効果(権利義務の変動)を生じないこと。公序良俗違反の契約は無効(民法90条)、届出のない婚姻は無効(同法742条)などである。「効力を生じない」と規定する場合もある(同法113条―無権代理行為)。また、無効と同様に有効要件を欠くが、「取り消すことができる」と規定する場合がある。たとえば民法第5条は、未成年者が親権者の同意を得ないでした契約などの法律行為は、取り消すことができると規定する。無効な行為は初めから効力を生ぜず、いつでもだれでも無効を主張できるが、取り消しうる行為は、取消しがあるまでは有効で、取消しにより遡及(そきゅう)的に無効となる(同法121条)。取消権者も定まっており、取消権行使の期間制限もある(同法120条・126条)。また無効な行為は追認によっても有効とならないが、取り消しうる行為は追認により有効性が確定する(同法119条以下)。以上の原則に対し例外も多く規定されている。たとえば会社の設立無効は、会社の設立の日から2年以内に訴えをもってのみ主張することができ、訴えができる者も、株主などに限定されている(会社法828条)。なお行政行為も重大かつ明白な瑕疵(かし)があるときは無効とされる。

[伊藤高義]

『内田貴著『民法Ⅰ 第4版 総則・物権総論』(2008・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 取消し

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Mukaishima

>>:  Muko [city] - Beyond

Recommend

SEALPA

…In order to develop their domestic lumber indust...

Otomiya Asahi Armor

Joruri. Historical piece. Five acts. A collaborati...

Wu Zhou Revolution (English: Wu Zhou Revolution)

This refers to the incident in China in 690 when E...

Boethius (English spelling) Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius

A philosopher from the late ancient Rome. Born in...

Yelu Daseki - The Great Stone

He was the first emperor of the Kara-Khitai (West...

Bandage - Bandage

A type of plaster, the Japanese Pharmacopoeia def...

Eumenes [I] - Eumenes

…In 282 BC, the Macedonian Philetairos became rul...

Guilelmus Durantis

1232 to 37‐96 French canon law scholar. His French...

Genetic gain - genetic gain

…Heritability is estimated by variance analysis f...

Angiotensin

Substances that cause renal hypertension. In 1939...

Ribes japonicum (English name) Ribes japonicum

… [Matsui Jin]. … *Some of the terminology that m...

Quamoclit

…A climbing annual plant of the Convolvulaceae fa...

Axoplasmic flow

…So, most of the substances necessary for the nut...

Gyoikou

〘Name〙 A horticultural variety of Satozakura. The ...

Defence reflex

When a harmful stimulus (noxious stimulus) such as...