A general term for marine fish of the Sphyraenidae family of the Perciformes class of Osteichthyes. It is said that this name comes from the fact that the way they open their mouths wide to devour prey resembles a bag made of a mat folded in half to contain grains, salt, etc. The body is slender and the head is thin and pointed. The lower jaw protrudes further than the upper jaw, and both the upper and lower jaws have strong fang-like teeth. There are two dorsal fins that are well separated from each other, and the first dorsal fin is small with only five spines. The pectoral fins are short, and the pelvic fins are located slightly behind the base of the pectoral fins. They swim on the surface of the coast, and while small fish form schools, larger fish stop forming schools as they grow and gradually become solitary. They are typical carnivorous fish, chasing and eating the small fish that form schools. In coral reef areas, large fish are at the top of the food chain along with sharks and groupers, and feed on sardines, horse mackerel, wrasses, and damselfish. They are sensitive to the shape and behavior of other fish, and are interested in anything that behaves abnormally or shines, and will attack their prey with speed faster than the eye can see, causing serious injury. Large fish are particularly aggressive, and will attack divers and people bathing in the sea. In some places, they cause more damage than sharks, and most damage occurs in dark or murky water. Spawning takes place from spring to summer, with many individuals laying eggs several times during one spawning season. The eggs are pelagic and separate, and are less than 1 millimeter in diameter. Mature eggs of the red barracuda have a transparent egg membrane with many cracks and one or two oil globules. 200,000 eggs are laid in one spawning, so in some cases around 1 million eggs may be laid throughout the spawning season. At a water temperature of 23°C, the eggs hatch just over a day after fertilization. Those that live in tropical coral reefs may contain a toxin called ciguatoxin. Eating fish that contain this toxin can cause a condition called ciguatera poisoning, which can sometimes be fatal. This poisoning mainly causes nerve damage, including numbness, chills and shivers throughout the body, nausea, and in severe cases, severe pain in the muscles and joints of the arms and legs. These symptoms can appear gradually or suddenly. The toxin varies significantly depending on the region and season, but it accumulates in the bodies of barracudas from the food they eat. The toxin is originally contained in seaweed, and is transferred to algae-eating fish such as the southern tang, which eat the seaweed, and then accumulates in the barracudas that eat the algae. Larger fish tend to be more toxic than smaller fish. In some countries, the sale of great barracudas may be suspended during the spawning season. [Akira Ochiai] kindsThere are more than 20 species of barracudas known in the world. The most famous of these is the great barracuda (also known as the dark barracuda), Sphyraena barracuda , also known as the barracuda in English. It is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and in Japan, it inhabits the Pacific coast of southern Japan, the inland bays of the Ryukyu Islands, and coral reefs. Its main characteristics are its large scales, 75 to 87 in number, arranged in several rows behind the lateral line, and the blue horizontal stripes on the upper half of the lateral line on the sides of its body. The California barracuda, Sphyraena argentea , also grows to 1.2 meters in length and inhabits a wide area of the Pacific coast of North America, mainly off the coast of California. Along the coast of Japan, the red barracuda Sphyraena pinguis , blue barracuda Sphyraena nigripinnis , and Yamato barracuda Sphyraena japonica , which grow to several tens of centimeters in length, are caught in large quantities and are important industrially. The red barracuda in particular is commonly called kamasu and is delicious. The big barracuda Sphyraena putnamae is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean south of the Ryukyu Islands and the Indian Ocean, and the great barracuda Sphyraena forsteri is widely distributed from southern Japan to the Indian Ocean. The big barracuda grows to about 2 meters in length, while the great barracuda Sphyraena forsteri grows to about 90 centimeters in length. Although the poison is weak, it can occasionally cause poisoning. Other species known from Japan include the Taiwan barracuda Sphyraena flavicauda , the narrow barracuda Sphyraena helleri , and the big Yamato barracuda Sphyraena africana . [Akira Ochiai and Kunio Amano] edibleThe meat is white and has a mild taste, so it can be used in a wide variety of dishes. When fresh, the flesh is firm and can be eaten as sashimi, but since it generally contains a lot of water, it is often eaten lightly salted and dried. When eaten raw, it is best salted and left to sit for a while to firm up before being grilled with salt. In Western dishes, it is good for frying and meunière. It is said to taste best in autumn, but it can be caught all year round. It is also an ingredient in high-quality kamaboko. [Tomomi Kono] [References] |©Tomita Hyakushu "> Main species of barracuda (specimen drawing) ©Shogakukan "> Dried filleted red barracuda Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
硬骨魚綱スズキ目カマス科Sphyraenidaeの海水魚の総称。口を大きくあけて餌物(えもの)を大食するさまが、蓆(むしろ)を二つ折りにして穀物や塩などを入れた袋(叺(かます))に似ているので、この名があるという。体は細長く頭は細くとがる。下顎(かがく)は上顎より突出し、上下両顎に牙(きば)状の強い歯がある。背びれは2基で互いによく離れており、第1背びれは小さくて5本の棘条(きょくじょう)しかない。胸びれは短く、腹びれは胸びれの基部よりやや後方にある。 沿岸の表層を遊泳し、小形魚は群れをつくるが、大形魚は成長とともに群れなくなり、しだいに単独で行動するようになる。代表的な肉食魚であり、群れをつくる小魚を追って食べる。サンゴ礁海域では大形魚はサメ類やハタ類などとともに食物連鎖で最高の地位にあり、イワシ類、アジ類、ベラ類、スズメダイ類などを餌(えさ)としている。他物の形や行動に敏感に反応する性質があり、異常な行動をするもの、光るものなどに興味を示し、目にも留まらぬほどの速さで相手を攻撃して大きな傷害を与える。大形魚はとくに気が荒く、ダイバーや海水浴中の人間を襲う。場所によってはサメ類による被害よりも多いことがあり、暗い水中や濁った水中での被害が多い。 産卵は春から夏にかけてなされるが、多くの個体は1産卵期に数回に分けて放卵する。卵は分離浮性卵であり、卵径は1ミリメートル以下である。アカカマスの熟卵は卵膜が透明で多くの亀裂(きれつ)があり、油球は1個ないしは2個である。1回の産卵で20万粒を産むので、産卵期間を通じて多いものでは100万粒前後を放卵する。水温23℃では受精後1日余りで孵化(ふか)する。 熱帯のサンゴ礁にすむものは、シガトキシンciguatoxinという毒素をもつことがある。この毒素をもった魚を食べるとシガテラciguateraとよばれる中毒症状をおこし、ときに死亡することがある。この中毒症は神経障害が主であり、感覚がしびれ、全身に悪寒やふるえ、吐き気があり、ひどくなると腕や足の筋肉や関節に激痛がおこる。この徴候は徐々にまたは急激に現れる。毒素は地域や季節によって著しく異なるが、カマス類が食べた餌から体内に蓄積されたものである。毒素はもともと海藻類に含まれており、これを食べたサザナミハギなどの藻食魚に移され、さらにこれらを食べたカマス類に蓄積される。大形魚は小形魚より毒性が大きい傾向がある。オニカマスは国によっては産卵期に販売を停止することがある。 [落合 明] 種類カマス類は世界には20種余りが知られている。そのうち世界的にもっとも有名なのは、英名でバラクーダbarracudaとよばれるオニカマス(別名ドクカマス)Sphyraena barracudaである。世界中の熱帯から亜熱帯に分布しており、日本でも南日本の太平洋岸、琉球(りゅうきゅう)諸島海域の内湾や、サンゴ礁域に生息する。鱗(うろこ)が大きく、側線に沿って75~87枚、側線より背方に数列に並ぶこと、体側の側線の上半分に青色の横縞(よこじま)があることが大きな特徴である。カリフォルニアカマスSphyraena argenteaも体長が1.2メートルになり、カリフォルニア沿岸を中心に北アメリカ太平洋沿岸の広い範囲に生息している。 日本の沿岸では体長数十センチメートルになるアカカマスSphyraena pinguis、アオカマスSphyraena nigripinnis、ヤマトカマスSphyraena japonicaなどは漁獲量が多く産業的に重要である。とくにアカカマスは一般にカマスとよばれ、美味である。琉球諸島以南の太平洋やインド洋の熱帯域にはオオカマスSphyraena putnamae、南日本からインド洋にかけてはオオメカマスSphyraena forsteriなどが広く分布している。オオカマスは体長2メートルほど、オオメカマスは体長90センチメートル前後になり、毒性は弱いが、まれに中毒することがある。そのほかに、日本からタイワンカマスSphyraena flavicauda、ホソカマスSphyraena helleri、オオヤマトカマスSphyraena africanaが知られている。 [落合 明・尼岡邦夫] 食用肉は白身で淡泊な味であるから、料理には幅広く利用できる。新鮮なものは、身がしまっていて刺身にもなるが、一般的には水分が多いため、薄塩干しにして食用にすることが多い。なまの場合は、塩をしてしばらく置き、身をしめてから塩焼きにするとよい。洋風ではフライ、ムニエルによい。秋に味がよいとされるが、年中とれる。良質のかまぼこの材料でもある。 [河野友美] [参照項目] |©冨田百秋"> カマスのおもな種類〔標本画〕 ©Shogakukan"> アカカマスの開き干し 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Kama Sutra - Kāmasūtra (English spelling)
A ship's registry is equivalent to a person...
A bay on the Atlantic coast in the southern part o...
〘Noun〙① A festival at Fushimi Inari Taisha Shrine ...
A technique for reducing dislocated joints or frac...
…Nihonyanagi and Aburai were post towns on the Os...
...Population: 456,886 (1980). Commonly known as ...
Also called a cation or positive ion. An ion that ...
…They are fire-resistant and durable, and their v...
…Ingredients used to flavor and adjust food and d...
… [Hiroyuki Morioka]. … *Some of the terminology ...
…It is found in the karst regions of the Mediterr...
…In 1873, he developed a theory of imaging based ...
...The number of moltings varies depending on the...
...in cold regions, they hibernate. There are no ...
…Recently, research into the cell division patter...