Microeconomics - Microeconomics

Japanese: ミクロ経済学 - みくろけいざいがく(英語表記)microeconomics
Microeconomics - Microeconomics

A field of study that microscopically analyzes the movements of economic entities such as individual consumers (households) and companies (producers) and examines how the allocation and pricing of goods (goods and services) are adjusted through the market. In particular, the Chicago School, which emphasizes market principles, calls microeconomics "price theory." Along with macroeconomics, which analyzes economic entities macroscopically, it is a major pillar of economics.

Based on the utility (satisfaction) theory of value proposed by W.S. Jevons and others, and the general equilibrium theory under perfect competition established by L. Walras and others, methods for mathematically analyzing microeconomic activity were established. A. Marshall wrote the Principles of Economics , which became the prototype of modern microeconomics. J.R. Hicks analyzed how the simultaneous supply and demand equilibrium of many markets, including goods, changes over time. He also paved the way for welfare economics, which analyzes markets by focusing on consumer satisfaction, and is known as the father of microeconomics.

Furthermore, von Neumann and O. Morgenstern introduced the theory of games, which predicts economic behavior that maximizes profits. Today, perfect competition and game theory have developed into the main analytical methods of microeconomics.

Many of the recent Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded in the field of microeconomics, such as G.S. Becker's Human Capital and J.F. Nash's Nash equilibrium. These microeconomic analytical methods are widely applied to finance, public economics, industrial organization, and other fields, and are the theoretical foundation of modern macroeconomics.

[Editorial Department]

[References] | Game theory | Jevons | Chicago school | Nash | Neumann | Hicks | Becker | Macroeconomics | Marshall | Morgenstern | Walras

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

個々の消費者(家計)や企業(生産者)などの経済主体の動きを微視的(ミクロ)に分析し、市場を通じて財(モノやサービス)の配分や価格決定がどのように調整されているかを考察する学問。とくに、市場原理を重視するシカゴ学派などではミクロ経済学を「価格理論price theory」とよぶ。経済主体を巨視的に分析するマクロ経済学と並び、経済学の大きな柱である。

 W・S・ジェボンズらによって提唱された効用(満足度)価値説と、L・ワルラスらが基礎を築いた完全競争下での一般均衡理論を基に、ミクロ経済活動を数学的に分析する手法が整った。A・マーシャルが『経済学原理』Principles of Economicsを著し、これが現在のミクロ経済学の原型となった。J・R・ヒックスは財を含む多くの市場の同時需給均衡が時間的にどのように変化するかを分析。消費者の満足度に注目して市場分析する厚生経済学welfare economicsにも道を開き、ミクロ経済学の父とよばれている。

 さらに、フォン・ノイマンとO・モルゲンシュテルンらは利潤を最大化しようとする経済行動を予測する「ゲームの理論」を導入。現在、完全競争とゲームの理論はミクロ経済学の主たる分析手法として発展している。

 G・S・ベッカーの『人的資本』Human CapitalやJ・F・ナッシュらの「ナッシュ均衡」(Nash equilibrium)など最近のノーベル経済学賞の多くがミクロ経済分野の受賞である。こうしたミクロ経済学の分析手法は財政学、公共経済学、産業組織論などに幅広く応用され、最新のマクロ経済学の理論的な礎(いしずえ)となっている。

[編集部]

[参照項目] | ゲームの理論 | ジェボンズ | シカゴ学派 | ナッシュ | ノイマン | ヒックス | ベッカー | マクロ経済学 | マーシャル | モルゲンシュテルン | ワルラス

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