Martensite (English spelling)

Japanese: マルテンサイト(英語表記)martensite
Martensite (English spelling)
A structure that occurs without diffusion when steel is cooled from a high temperature at a relatively fast rate. The effectiveness of hardening steel is judged by the amount of this structure that appears. Its hardness is mainly determined by the carbon content, and is not related to the amount or type of metal elements. Martensite crystals with a carbon content of about 0.2% or more have a body-centered tetragonal lattice, but it is thought that this is the result of a "shift" (lattice transformation) from the face-centered cubic austenite to a body-centered lattice before the carbon atoms have a chance to move due to rapid cooling. The body-centered lattice has a lower atomic density than the face-centered cubic lattice, and therefore expands during transformation. In order to relieve the strain caused by this, many dislocations and twins are introduced into the martensite. When the carbon content is low and the M s point is above room temperature, the martensite is mainly composed of dislocations. A certain cooling rate is required to transform austenite into martensite, and this is called the critical cooling rate for martensite, which can be found from the CCT curve. Nickel, chromium, manganese, etc. reduce the critical speed, so the alloy steel will harden even if it is cooled slowly, and there is less risk of cracking. The martensite transformation temperature is generally written as Ar″, with the upper limit of the temperature range from start to finish written as Ms to Mf . Some steels transform into martensite through processing deformation rather than temperature change, and the upper limit of this temperature is written as Md . For example, the Ms of 18-8 stainless steel is below room temperature, so deep cooling is required to cause the transformation, but the Md is above room temperature, so it can transform into martensite at room temperature if heavily processed. This is called processing-induced transformation. When martensite is tempered at low temperatures, it becomes a structure such as troostite or sorbite, which reduces strength and increases toughness. There are subtle points in the processes and effects of quenching and tempering, which is why heat treatment of tools and blades is important. Martensite is named after the German steel scientist A. Martens. In high- Mn steels such as Hatfield steel and austenitic stainless steels, close-packed hexagonal martensite (martensite ε) also occurs along with body-centered martensite (martensite α′).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
鋼を高温から比較的速い速度で冷却したとき,拡散を伴わずに生じる組織。鋼の焼入れの効果はこの組織の出現量で判断される。その硬さは主として炭素量によって決り,金属元素の量,種類にはあまり関係しない。炭素量が約 0.2%以上のマルテンサイトの結晶は体心正方格子であるが,それが急冷により炭素原子が動く間のないうちに面心立方格子のオーステナイトから体心格子に「ずれ」 (格子変態) を生じる結果と考えられている。体心格子は面心立方格子より原子密度が小さく,したがって変態の際は膨張するので,そのためのひずみを緩和するために,マルテンサイト中には転位や双晶が多く導入される。炭素量が少く Ms 点が室温以上の場合には,主として転位からなるマルテンサイトとなる。オーステナイトのマルテンサイト化には一定以上の冷却速度が必要なので,それをマルテン化の臨界冷却速度といい,CCT曲線図から求められる。ニッケル,クロム,マンガンなどは臨界速度を小さくするので,その合金鋼は冷却が遅くても焼きが入り,焼割れの危険が少い。マルテン化温度は一般に Ar″と記し,その開始終了の温度範囲の上限を Ms ,下界を Mf と記す。鋼種によっては温度変化でなく加工変形でマルテン化するものがあり,その上限温度を Md と記す。たとえば 18-8ステンレス鋼の Ms は常温以下だから変態させるには深冷処理が必要であるが,Md は常温以上なので強加工すれば常温でもマルテン化する。これを加工誘起変態という。マルテンサイト組織を低温で焼戻すとトルースタイト,ソルバイトなどの組織となり,強度が低下し靭性を増す。焼入れ,焼戻しの処理と効果には微妙な点があり,工具や刃物の熱処理が重視されるのはそのためである。マルテンサイトの名称はドイツの鉄鋼学者 A.マルテンスにちなむ。ハットフィールド鋼などの高 Mn 鋼や,オーステナイト系のステンレス鋼では,体心格子のマルテンサイト (マルテンサイトα′) とともに稠密六方晶のマルテンサイト (マルテンサイトε) も生じる。

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