Air battery - air cell

Japanese: 空気電池 - くうきでんち(英語表記)air cell
Air battery - air cell

A type of alkaline primary battery that uses oxygen from the air as the positive electrode active material. Button-type zinc-air primary batteries are produced that use zinc as the negative electrode active material and a 30% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide gelled with a binder as the electrolyte. They were invented in 1917 by Charles Féry (1865-1935) of France.

Air batteries use a thin porous gas diffusion electrode developed for fuel cells as the air cathode, and are composed of an electrolyte, a catalyst, a separator, and zinc particles as the anode active material. Since there is no need to retain the cathode active material inside the battery, the amount of zinc in the anode active material can be increased accordingly, resulting in a higher capacity. The cathode reaction is O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e - - → 4OH -
The negative electrode reaction is Zn+2OH - →Zn(OH) 2 +2e -
Therefore, the total cell reaction is Zn+1/2O 2 +H 2 O―→Zn(OH) 2
The electromotive force is 1.65 volts, and the actual battery voltage is 1.4 volts. To promote the oxygen reduction reaction at the positive electrode, silver, manganese dioxide, nickel-cobalt composite oxide, phthalocyanine compounds, platinum, etc. are used as catalysts. The zinc for the negative electrode is alloyed with other metals to increase the hydrogen overvoltage and suppress self-discharge.

If an alkaline aqueous solution is used as the electrolyte, it will deteriorate due to carbon dioxide in the air, so zinc-air batteries using a weakly acidic zinc chloride aqueous solution have also been developed. The total cell reaction in this case is 4Zn + 2O 2 + ZnCl 2 + 4H 2 O
---> ZnCl2・ 4Zn(OH) 2
It is indicated by the symbol "zinc-air battery". Because the discharge voltage remains flat over a long period of time and they are compatible with mercury batteries, button-type zinc-air batteries have come to be used in devices such as hearing aids where mercury batteries were previously used. In 1993, the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) "Alkaline Primary Batteries" (JIS C 8511) was revised to remove "mercury batteries" from the standard, and "zinc-air batteries", which have come to be used as a replacement, were added to the standard. Furthermore, in 1998, a standard for "button-type zinc-air batteries" was established.

In addition, zinc-air batteries have also been produced as a type of metal-air battery. However, when charging, the unnecessary air electrode is also charged and deteriorates, so only the zinc negative electrode is charged in a separate electrolytic layer, and mechanical charging is performed by replacing the negative electrode.

[Mitsuru Asano]

"Electrochemistry" edited by Zenpachi Ogumi (2000, Ohmsha)""Electrochemical Society, ed., "Electrochemistry Handbook" (2000, Maruzen)""Battery Handbook" edited by the Battery Handbook Editorial Committee (2001, Maruzen)"

[References] | Metal-air battery | Mercury battery | Fuel cell
Structure of zinc-air battery (button type)
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of zinc-air battery (button type)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

正極活物質に空気中の酸素を用いるアルカリ一次電池の一種。負極活物質に亜鉛、電解液には水酸化カリウムの30%水溶液を結着剤でゲル化したものを用いたボタン形の空気亜鉛一次電池が生産されている。1917年フランスのフェリーCharles Féry(1865―1935)が考案した。

 空気電池は空気正極として燃料電池用に開発された多孔質の薄いガス拡散電極を用い、電解液、触媒、セパレーターおよび負極活物質の亜鉛粒子などから構成されている。正極活物質を電池内に保持する必要がないので、その分負極活物質の亜鉛量を増すことができ、高容量化を図ることができる。正極反応は
  O2+2H2O+4e-―→4OH-
負極反応は
  Zn+2OH-―→Zn(OH)2+2e-
であるので、全電池反応は
  Zn+1/2O2+H2O―→Zn(OH)2
であり、起電力は1.65ボルト、実際の電池電圧は1.4ボルトが得られる。正極における酸素の還元反応を促進するために、銀、二酸化マンガン、ニッケル‐コバルト複合酸化物、フタロシアニン系化合物、白金などが触媒として用いられる。また負極用の亜鉛は水素過電圧を高くして自己放電を抑制するため、ほかの金属と合金化されている。

 電解液にアルカリ水溶液を用いると空気中の炭酸ガスによる劣化があるため、弱酸性の塩化亜鉛水溶液を用いた空気亜鉛電池も開発されている。この場合の全電池反応は
  4Zn+2O2+ZnCl2+4H2O
   ―→ZnCl2・4Zn(OH)2
で示される。放電電圧が長時間にわたり平坦(へいたん)であり、水銀電池と互換性があるので従来水銀電池が使用されてきた補聴器などにボタン形空気亜鉛電池が用いられるようになった。なお、1993年(平成5)の日本工業規格(JIS)「アルカリ一次電池」(JIS C 8511)の改正により「水銀電池」が規格から削除され、その代替品として使用されるようになった「空気亜鉛電池」が規格に加えられた。さらに、98年には「ボタン形空気亜鉛電池」の規格がなされている。

 また、金属空気電池の一つとして亜鉛空気蓄電池もつくられているが、充電するとき必要のない空気極までも充電され劣化してしまうので、亜鉛負極の充電のみを別の電解層で行い、負極を取り替える機械的充電などが行われている。

[浅野 満]

『小久見善八編著『電気化学』(2000・オーム社)』『電気化学会編『電気化学便覧』(2000・丸善)』『電池便覧編集委員会編『電池便覧』(2001・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 金属空気電池 | 水銀電池 | 燃料電池
空気亜鉛電池の構造(ボタン形)
©Shogakukan">

空気亜鉛電池の構造(ボタン形)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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