A term used in the study of waka poetry. In the broad sense, it refers to the uta kotoba (poetry words) used in waka poetry, and in the narrow sense, it refers to place names within those uta kotoba (poetry words). Originally used in the broad sense, it came to be used in the narrow sense from the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the Kamakura period. Even today, it is generally used in the narrow sense. A representative work from the mid-Heian period is Noin's Utamakura (mid-11th century), which collected and explained so-called uta kotoba (poetry words), such as pillow words, introductory words, natural phenomena, plants and animals, idiomatic terms, and place names, and was a guide for composing waka poetry. These uta kotoba (poetry words) are characterized by the fact that they each have a typical association, for example, "hanatachibana" (flowering orange) contains a feeling of nostalgia for the past, and "matsumushi" (pine cricket) is used with the hanging word "matsu" (wait). This seems to have been created based on ancient poems, such as the ancient poem "When I smell the scent of the tangerine flowers I wait for in May, I smell the scent of the sleeves of people from long ago" (Kokinshu, anonymous author), which is the basis for the association of "tangerine flowers." The waka poems of the imperial court were structured to be able to express individual lyricism while using such typical words as the basis of expression. The latter narrow sense of utamakura is also a place name that evokes a typical association. For example, "Yoshino" brings to mind cherry blossoms or snow, "Tatsutayama" brings to mind autumn leaves, and "Asukagawa" brings to mind the impermanence of the human world. In ancient times, place names were originally words connected to the faith of the land, and for that reason they were often included in poems. Although that faith faded over time, by looking back at the tradition of poems that had been handed down, utamakura came into being as words that evoke the above-mentioned common association. They came to be publicized by people as so-called famous places. This tendency began as early as the time of the "Manyoshu" and became common in the era of imperial waka poetry after the "Kokinshu". Not only in waka poetry, but also in painting, it became an important composition of the newly emerged Yamato-e. When aristocrats came across the folding screen paintings of utamakura that decorated their rooms, they would imagine the scenery of places they had never visited, for example, imagining Shiogama or Suma when they saw the smoke from roasting salt. These utamakura are also inseparably linked to writings such as travelogues and michiyuki. The earliest examples are "Tosa Nikki" and "Ise Monogatari," but the later "Oku no Hosomichi" is also considered to be travel literature that follows the utamakura of Mutsu. [Hideo Suzuki] "Heian Waka Utamakura Place Name Index" edited by Yoichi Katagiri and Himematsu Society (1971, Daigakudo Shoten)" ▽ "Utamakura" by Tsuneya Okumura (1977, Heibonsha) ▽ "Utamakura Poetry Dictionary" by Yoichi Katagiri (1984, Kadokawa Shoten) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
歌学用語。広義としては和歌に詠み込まれる歌ことばを、狭義としてはその歌ことばのうちの地名をさす。もともと広義として用いられていたが、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期にかけて、狭義として用いられるようになった。今日でも狭義として用いられるのが一般である。前者を代表する平安時代中期の著作に『能因(のういん)歌枕』(11世紀なかば)があり、枕詞(まくらことば)、序詞、自然現象、動植物、慣用語、地名など、いわゆる歌ことばを収集、説明したもので、作歌のための手引書であった。この歌ことばは、たとえば「花橘(はなたちばな)」が過往への追懐の気持ちを含み、「松虫」が懸詞(かけことば)「待つ」とともに用いられるなどのように、それぞれ類型的な連想性をもつ点に特徴がある。これは、たとえば「五月(さつき)待つ花橘の香をかげば昔の人の袖(そで)の香ぞする」(『古今集』よみ人しらず)の古歌がもとになって「花橘」の連想がなされるように、古来の歌々がもとになって生成されたとみられる。王朝の和歌は、そのような類型的なことばを表現の基盤に据えながら、しかも個別的な叙情性が発揮できるように仕組まれていた。 後者の狭義の歌枕もまた、類型的な連想作用を促すことばとしての地名である。たとえば、「吉野」といえば桜か雪を、「龍田山(たつたやま)」といえば紅葉(もみじ)を、あるいは「飛鳥川(あすかがわ)」といえば人の世の無常を連想させるように。もとより、はるか古代においては、地名はその土地の信仰と結び付いたことばであり、それだけに歌にも多く詠み込まれた。時代とともにその信仰は薄れたが、詠み継がれてきた歌としての伝統を顧みるところから、前記のような共通の連想作用を促すことばとしての歌枕が成立するようになった。人々にはいわゆる名所として喧伝(けんでん)されるようになる。その傾向は、早く『万葉集』の時代からおこり、『古今集』以後の王朝和歌の時代で一般化した。和歌のみならず、絵画においても、新しくおこった大和絵(やまとえ)の重要な構図となっている。貴族たちは室内を飾る歌枕の屏風絵(びょうぶえ)などに接して、たとえば塩焼く煙の景に塩竈(しおがま)や須磨(すま)の地を想像するなど、訪ねたこともない各地の景観を思い描くのである。また、この歌枕は、紀行文や道行(みちゆき)のような文章と不可分にかかわっている。『土佐日記』『伊勢(いせ)物語』はその最初期の例であるが、後世の『おくのほそ道』も陸奥(みちのく)の歌枕をたどった紀行文学であるとみられる。 [鈴木日出男] 『片桐洋一・ひめまつの会編『平安和歌歌枕地名索引』(1971・大学堂書店)』▽『奥村恒哉著『歌枕』(1977・平凡社)』▽『片桐洋一著『歌枕歌ことば辞典』(1984・角川書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Utamakura Nayoro - Utamakura Nayoro
…The first walking leg (cheliped) of crabs and cr...
… [Mitsuru Hotta]... *Some of the terminology tha...
…The 200-mile limit imposed in 1977 has forced al...
Japanese swords are a general term for Japanese s...
…Mount Iizuna has been famous as a sacred place f...
...Microparticle magnets utilize the large coerci...
This usually refers to the 100 years of Christiani...
A folk song from Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. It...
A commercial and industrial city in the southeaste...
American chemist. Born in Burlington, Iowa. After ...
…His father was a professor at Harvard University...
...This was a religious order of lay people who l...
Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. C 21 H 30 O 2 (314.46). O...
A treaty that established collective security in ...
Austrian composer. Born into a wealthy merchant fa...