A unit chosen as the base for constructing a system of units. For example, if the unit of length and the unit of time are the base units, the unit of speed can be constructed by "length ÷ time", and the unit of acceleration can be constructed by "length ÷ time ÷ time". Furthermore, if the unit of mass is added to the base units, the unit of force can be derived by "mass × acceleration". In this way, by selecting a small number of mutually independent units of quantity as base units, it is possible to construct units of other quantities using the laws and definitions of physics. The units constructed from the base units selected at the beginning are called derived units. Units of length, mass, and time are usually chosen as base units. These are because they are convenient for constructing units of other quantities, and because the standard for expressing the units is highly accurate and stable. However, the gravitational system of units used in engineering uses the kilogram-force or pound-force, which are units of force, rather than units of mass. The International System of Units (SI), established in 1960, has seven base units: the metre (m) for length, the kilogram (kg) for mass, the second (s) for time, the ampere (A) for electric current, the kelvin (K) for thermodynamic temperature, the mole (mol) for amount of substance, and the candela (cd) for luminous intensity. [Koizumi Kesakatsu] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
単位系を構成する基本として選ばれた単位。たとえば、長さの単位と時間の単位を基本単位とすれば「長さ÷時間」で速度の単位を、「長さ÷時間÷時間」で加速度の単位を組み立てることができる。さらに質量の単位を基本単位に加えれば、「質量×加速度」によって力の単位も導くことができる。このように基本単位として少数の互いに独立した量の単位を選んでおけば、物理学の法則や定義を利用して、ほかの量の単位を組み立てることができる。この初めに選んだ基本単位に対し、組み立てられた単位を組立単位という。基本単位には普通、長さ、質量、時間の単位が選ばれる。これらはほかの量の単位を組み立てるのに便利なことと、単位を現示する標準が高精度で、かつ安定していることによる。しかし、工学で用いられている重力単位系では、質量の単位ではなく、力の単位である重量キログラムまたは重量ポンドを用いている。 1960年に決議された国際単位系(SI)では、長さのメートル(m)、質量のキログラム(kg)、時間の秒(s)のほか、電流のアンペア(A)、熱力学温度のケルビン(K)、物質量のモル(mol)、光度のカンデラ(cd)の七つを基本単位としている。 [小泉袈裟勝] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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