Voronezh - Voronezh (English spelling)

The capital of Voronezh Oblast in the western part of the Russian Federation. It is the economic and transportation center of the Central Black Earth. It has a population of 908,000 (1999). It started as a fortress city built on the steep banks of the Voronezh River in 1586, and in the 17th and 18th centuries, it became a base for the construction of Russian naval ships due to its navigable river, nearby forests, and well-defended city. As agricultural development in the area progressed, it became a center of grain trading in the 18th and 19th centuries, and after the opening of the railway, the agricultural product processing industry also developed. Before the Russian Revolution (1917), it was already the largest city in the Central Black Earth, and in 1913 the first university (Agricultural University) was established in the region. After the revolution, it took on the economic reconstruction of the Central Black Earth, and industrialization in machinery (food industry machinery and equipment, construction, agricultural machinery production) and chemicals (synthetic rubber) was promoted. Currently, the forging, press, radio and television manufacturing, and chemical (tires, plastics) industries are thriving along with the above-mentioned industrial sectors. A nuclear power plant was built in the southern suburbs, and fuel for industrial and civilian use is supplied through a natural gas pipeline. The city is blessed with river transport linking Moscow with the lower reaches of the Don River, with railways and roads branching off from it, and it also has an airport. There are eight universities including a comprehensive university, the Poet Nikitin Museum, the Koltsov Museum, a local museum, and various theaters. Architectural monuments from the 17th and 18th centuries are preserved in the old city area on the right bank of the Voronezh River.

[Taizo Nakamura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシア連邦西部、ボロネジ州の州都。中央黒土地帯の経済・交通の中心地。人口90万8000（1999）。1586年ボロネジ川の険しい岸辺につくられた要塞(ようさい)都市から始まり、17～18世紀に、航行可能なボロネジ川、近辺の森林、防備の固い都市という条件から、ロシア海軍の艦艇建造の拠点となった。付近の農業開発が進むと、18～19世紀には穀物取引の中心地となり、鉄道開通後は農産物加工工業も発展した。ロシア革命（1917）前、すでに中央黒土地帯第一の都市となり、1913年この地域で初めて大学（農業大学）が設立された。革命後、中央黒土地帯の経済再建を担い、機械（食品工業機械・設備、建設、農業機械生産）、化学（合成ゴム）などの工業化が進められた。現在、鍛造、プレス機、ラジオ・テレビ製造、化学（タイヤ、プラスチック）の各工業が前記工業諸部門とともに発展している。南郊に原子力発電所がつくられ、天然ガスパイプラインにより工業・民生用燃料の供給を受けている。モスクワとドン川下流を結ぶ河川交通に恵まれ、鉄道、道路が分岐し、空港もある。総合大学をはじめとする8大学、詩人ニキーチンの博物館、コリツォフ博物館、郷土博物館、各種劇場などが置かれている。ボロネジ川右岸の旧市域には、17～18世紀の建築記念物が保存されている。

［中村泰三］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例