A method to obtain low temperatures by cutting off thermal contact between a paramagnetic material in a magnetic field and the surroundings, and reducing the magnetic field to zero. A compound (such as iron alum or chrome alum) that is paramagnetic at temperatures lower than 1K (absolute temperature) is used, and cooled to around 1K using a device as shown in . Then, while the paramagnetic compound is thermally connected to 1K liquid helium, a magnetic field of 5,000 to 15,000 gauss is applied from the outside. The energy of this magnetic field causes the electron spins of the Cr 3+ ions in chrome alum, for example, to align in the direction of the magnetic field lines. This is called the isothermal magnetization process. The energy of magnetization at this time becomes magnetization heat, which is absorbed by the liquid helium outside to keep the compound at around 1K. Next, a high vacuum exhaust pump is used to evacuate the helium gas in the space containing the compound to 10 -6 Torr (Torr is a unit of pressure), thereby cutting off thermal contact between the compound and the liquid helium, and the magnetic field used for isothermal magnetization is gently reduced to zero. This is called the adiabatic demagnetization process. As a result, the temperature of the chrome alum drops to around 0.02 K. This method is called adiabatic demagnetization.In 1981, a similar method was used to achieve temperatures of around 20 microK (1 microK is one millionth of a degree Kelvin) using nuclear spin. This is called nuclear adiabatic demagnetization, and is a historic and extremely ingenious method for achieving low temperatures. [Taka Watanabe] [References] | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Adiabatic demagnetization experimental apparatus (figure) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
磁場中の常磁性体を、周囲との熱接触を断って磁場をゼロにし、低温を得る方法。1K(絶対温度)よりも低温で常磁性をもつ化合物(たとえば鉄ミョウバン、クロムミョウバンなど)を用い、 のような装置でこれを1K付近まで冷却する。そこで常磁性化合物が1Kの液体ヘリウムと熱的につながった状態で、5000~1万5000ガウスの磁場を外から加える。この磁場のエネルギーによって、たとえばクロムミョウバンのなかのCr3+イオンのもつ電子スピンは磁力線の方向に整列する。これを等温磁化過程という。このときの磁化のエネルギーは磁化熱となるので、これを外側の液体ヘリウムに吸収させて化合物を1K付近に保たせる。ついで高真空排気ポンプで化合物のある空間のヘリウムガスを10-6トル(トルは圧力の単位)まで排気し、これによって化合物と液体ヘリウムとの熱接触を断ち切ったのち、等温磁化に用いた磁場を静かにゼロにする。これを断熱消磁過程という。その結果、クロムミョウバンは0.02K付近までの低温となる。この方法を断熱消磁という。1981年、原子核スピンを用いて同様の方法により、20マイクロK(1マイクロKは100万分の1K)付近を実現した。これを核断熱消磁といい、低温を得るための歴史的かつきわめて巧妙な方法である。 [渡辺 昂] [参照項目] | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 断熱消磁の実験装置〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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