Mount Usu

Japanese: 有珠山 - うすざん
Mount Usu

An active volcano located in the southwest of Hokkaido, facing Uchiura Bay (Funka Bay), and belonging to the East Japan Volcanic Zone. It is also called Mt. Usu. A large pyroclastic flow eruption formed a caldera (present-day Lake Toya) about 110,000 years ago, and intermittent volcanic activity began about 20,000 years ago, leading to the formation of the Usu Volcano on the south side of the caldera. Mt. Usu is a stratovolcano of basalt and andesite, with a small caldera (about 1.5 kilometers in diameter) at the summit. The cryptodomes of the highest peaks (737 meters), O-Usu (born in 1853) and Ko-Usu (born in 1769), are both made of dacite, and the parasitic volcano Showa-Shinzan (398 meters) is a part of a dacite cryptodome that was formed between 1943 and 1945 and has emerged above the ground. Furthermore, there are many cryptodomes, such as Usushinzan (born 1977-1978) located between O-Usu and Ko-Usu, and Meiji-Shinzan (born 1910, also known as Yosomiyama) on the northern slope. Eruptions in 1663 (Kanbun 3) and 1822 (Bunsei 5) caused pyroclastic flows and other casualties.

From the end of March to April 2000, magmatic phreatomagmatic explosions occurred at the western foot of Mt. Usu and just behind the Toyako Onsen hot springs area, and the craters at the western foot of Mt. Nishiyama and the Konpira crater group appeared. Eruptive activity continued until around August of the same year. Magma intruded directly beneath the craters at the western foot of Mt. Nishiyama, forming a new mountain. The eruption was accurately predicted by precursor earthquakes and crustal movements, and residents were evacuated successfully. It was a relatively small-scale eruption of Mt. Usu in the past 400 years. The eruption was characterized by a succession of strong volcanic earthquakes and significant crustal movements. The Sapporo Regional Meteorological Observatory Volcano Monitoring and Information Center constantly monitors the volcano. There is also the Usu Volcano Observatory of Hokkaido University. It is part of Shikotsu-Toya National Park and is blessed with hot springs and beautiful scenery. The Lake Toya and Mount Usu area was designated a Global Geopark in 2009 as the "Lake Toya-Mount Usu Geopark."

[Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata]

[References] | Caldera | Shikotsu-Toya National Park | Dacite | Lake Toya | Eastern Japan Volcanic Zone
Mount Usu
An active volcano located on the south wall of the Toya Caldera. It is also called Mt. Usu. The photo shows the summit of the highest peak, O-Usu (737m), with a walking trail along the outer rim. Part of Shikotsu-Toya National Park. Sobetsu Town, Usu District, Hokkaido © Sobetsu Town Economic and Environmental Affairs Division, Commerce, Industry and Tourism Office ">

Mount Usu


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北海道南西部、内浦湾(噴火湾)に面し、東日本火山帯に属する活火山。有珠岳ともいう。約11万年前に大規模な火砕流噴火によって、カルデラ(現在の洞爺湖(とうやこ))が形成され、約2万年前から断続的に火山活動がおきカルデラの南側に有珠火山が生じた。有珠山は玄武岩、安山岩の成層火山で、山頂部に小カルデラ(直径約1.5キロメートル)をもつ。最高峰(737メートル)の大有珠(1853年誕生)と小有珠(1769年誕生)の両潜在円頂丘(潜在ドーム)はデイサイトであり、寄生火山である昭和新山(398メートル)は1943~1945年に誕生したデイサイトの潜在ドームの一部が地表に顔を出したものである。さらに大有珠、小有珠の中間の有珠新山(1977~1978年誕生)、北側山腹の明治新山(1910年誕生。別名四十三山(よそみやま))など、多くの潜在ドームがある。1663年(寛文3)や1822年(文政5)の噴火では火砕流などで犠牲者を出す噴火がおこっている。

 2000年(平成12)3月末から4月にかけて有珠山の西山西麓(せいろく)と洞爺湖温泉街のすぐ裏でマグマ水蒸気爆発が発生し、西山西麓火口群と金毘羅山(こんぴらさん)火口群が出現した。噴火活動は同年8月ごろまで続いた。西山西麓火口群の直下にマグマが貫入し、新山が形成された。噴火は前兆地震や地殻変動によって的確に予測され、住民避難がうまく行われた。過去400年の有珠山の噴火のなかでは比較的規模の小さいものであった。噴火に関連し、強い火山性地震が続発し、顕著な地殻変動がみられるのが特徴。札幌管区気象台火山監視・情報センターが常時火山観測中である。北海道大学の有珠火山観測所がある。支笏(しこつ)洞爺国立公園に属し、温泉、勝景に恵まれている。洞爺湖・有珠山地域は、2009年に「洞爺湖有珠山ジオパーク」として世界ジオパークに認定された。

[諏訪 彰・中田節也]

[参照項目] | カルデラ | 支笏洞爺国立公園 | デイサイト | 洞爺湖 | 東日本火山帯
有珠山
洞爺カルデラの南壁上に位置する活火山。有珠岳ともいう。写真は最高峰の大有珠(737m)の山頂付近で、外輪山に沿って遊歩道が整備されている。支笏洞爺国立公園の一部。北海道有珠郡壮瞥町©壮瞥町経済環境課商工観光室">

有珠山


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