A general term for music associated with Buddhism that has been handed down and developed since the early Buddhist period in the 6th century BC to the present day. It began in India, the birthplace of Buddhism, and spread throughout Asia, but here we will focus on Buddhist ritual music performed in each country and sect, as well as the secular music and performing arts that were born under its influence. [Ryuichi Tai] India TibetThe great importance of music in Indian Buddhism can be inferred from Buddhist ruins and murals at Sanchi and other sites. According to the Pali scriptures, sutras were chanted to the accompaniment of conch shells, bells, flutes, and bells. Furthermore, at the height of Buddhism's heyday, large-scale religious ceremonies were held, in which music was played using a wide variety of instruments. However, today, Buddhist music has been overshadowed by Hinduism, and only a small amount of Buddhist music is passed down in parts of northern India. Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) has inherited the traditions of Bon, an ancient Tibetan religion, and has created its own unique Buddhist music. Sutras and singing are performed in unison in a very low voice, with the leading monk playing cymbals called silnyan and a copper trumpet called jangdung, which is several meters long, producing a sustained low tone. Other instruments used include the double-reed gyaling, the kanling trumpet, which was previously made from human bone, the conch shell dungkar, the damar, the nga, the large drum, and the dirub bells. Another important musical instrument is the Cham, a masked drama performed by monks in the square in front of the monastery during the annual grand festival. [Ryuichi Tai] Sri Lanka, Southeast AsiaToday, Buddhist music of the Southern Theravada (also known as Hinayana Buddhism) tradition is handed down in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Southeast Asian countries (Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia). The center of Buddhist music in Sri Lanka is the ancient city of Kandy, where the traditional method of reciting the Pali scriptures is handed down. Also, the Sri Lankan temple of the Tooth Relic has handed down a unique temple music. The recitation of the Pali scriptures is a common feature of Buddhist music in Southeast Asia, and it is also characterized by the use of bells and gongs. Buddhist music has also influenced various performing arts, becoming the basis for numerous dance dramas and masked plays. [Ryuichi Tai] ChinaBuddhism was introduced to China in the 1st century and became state Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty, when grand Buddhist ceremonies were held. At these ceremonies, sutras were chanted, Buddhist songs, Buddhist hymns, Chinese hymns, etc. were performed, and musical instruments such as the bell, bell, and drum were also used. Bugaku and other dance music were also performed during (or at the same time as) these. Buddhist music was once suppressed in the People's Republic of China, but in recent years it has shown signs of revival. Buddhist music is still passed down in Taiwan today, but it has been mixed with Taoism and Confucianism to a great extent, and is closer to folk music. [Ryuichi Tai] KoreaBuddhism was introduced to Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms period, and became the state religion during the Silla dynasty, but was suppressed during the Yi dynasty, which adopted a Confucian policy. However, faith in Buddhism continued to thrive among the general public, and today it has been revived under the freedom of religion. Representative Buddhist music includes Yongbul (Nembutsu), a fast, monotone recitation of Buddhist scriptures in a low tone, Pompae (Buddhist songs) in which Buddhist scriptures are sung in complex melodies, and Hacheon (Wacho), in which monks sing parts of Buddhist scriptures in secular melodies at temples. There are also many uniquely Korean forms, such as the Hoko drum, in which monks dance while beating a large drum. Instruments used include the para (drum), popko (drum drum), the charumera-type taepyeongso (Taepyeongso), and the trumpet nabal. Furthermore, these types of music had a strong influence on the performing arts of the general public, giving rise to shadow puppet theater (Manseokchungnori). [Ryuichi Tai] JapanThe Buddhist music that was introduced to Japan not only developed in itself, but also had a great influence on various music in later generations. Shomyo (chanting) was the core of ritual music, and later Japanese chanting such as wasan, koshiki, and rongi was born, which further gave rise to goeika and nembutsu. These had a great influence on later stories (katarimono). Ritual music also uses musical instruments such as kei (light chimes), rei (bells), shakujo (semi-wooden staff), kane (bows), horogai (conch shells), and taiko (drums). Bugaku (traditional Buddhist music) was once incorporated into Buddhist rituals, and is still practiced today at the Shoryoe (Holy Spirit Effort) at Shitennoji Temple in Osaka. Sermons given after Buddhist ceremonies also influenced sekkyo joruri (narrative music), and the ennen (ennen) and jusarugaku (jusarugaku) performed as entertainment became the basis for Nohgaku. Furthermore, biwa music (blind monk's biwa) played by blind monks at Buddhist ceremonies and Buddhist services for their parishioners influenced Heikyoku. Other forms of music that are not directly related to rituals but are deeply connected to Buddhism include Imayo, Soga (banquet music), Utazaimon (ceremonial songs), and Utanebutsu (singing chants). In the Edo period, the Fuke shakuhachi emerged from a certain sect of Zen Buddhism, and influenced subsequent shakuhachi music. Furthermore, in recent years, Buddhist hymns incorporating Western music have been born in the Pure Land sect and some Zen sects. [Ryuichi Tai] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
紀元前6世紀の初期仏教時代から今日に至るまで伝承・生成されてきた仏教にまつわる音楽の総称。仏教発祥の地インドに始まり、アジア各地に広まったが、ここでは各国・各宗派で行われている仏教の儀式音楽、およびその影響を受けて生まれた世俗的な音楽や芸能を扱う。 [田井竜一] インド・チベットインド仏教において音楽がたいへん重要であったことは、サーンチーなどの仏教遺跡・壁画から推察することができる。パーリ語の教典によれば、法螺貝(ほらがい)や鈸(ばつ)、笛、鈴(れい)を伴奏に読経がなされていた。また、仏教最盛期には大規模な法会(ほうえ)も営まれ、多数の楽器を使用した音楽が奏された。しかし、現在ではヒンドゥー教に押され、仏教音楽は北インドの一部でわずかに伝承されるのみである。 チベット仏教(ラマ教)は、チベット古来の宗教であるボン教の伝統をも受け継ぎ、独自の仏教音楽を生み出した。読経ならびに歌唱はきわめて低音のユニゾンの合唱で行われ、リーダー格の僧侶(そうりょ)がシルニャンとよばれるシンバルを奏し、ジャンドゥンとよばれる数メートルにも及ぶ銅製のトランペットが持続低音を鳴らす。またダブルリード楽器のギャリンや、以前は人骨でつくられたトランペットのカンリン、法螺貝のドゥンカル、振り鼓のダマル、大太鼓のンガ、鈴のディルブなどが使われることもある。なお年1回行われる大祭の際に、僧院前の広場で僧侶たちによって演じられる仮面劇チャムも重要である。 [田井竜一] スリランカ・東南アジアスリランカ(セイロン島)と東南アジアの国々(ミャンマー、タイ、カンボジア)では今日、南方上座部(いわゆる小乗仏教)系の仏教音楽が伝承されている。スリランカの仏教音楽の中心地は古都キャンディで、パーリ語教典の伝統的な朗誦(ろうしょう)法が伝承されている。また同地の仏歯寺として知られるダラダ・マリガワ寺院には、独特の寺院音楽が伝承されている。東南アジアの仏教音楽に共通してみられるのはパーリ語教典の朗誦法であり、また鈴、銅鑼(どら)などが使われるのも特色である。さらに仏教音楽は諸芸能にも影響を与え、数々の舞踊劇や仮面劇を生み出す母体となった。 [田井竜一] 中国1世紀ごろ中国に伝来した仏教は、唐代には国家仏教になり、盛大な法会が行われた。こうした法会においては読経、梵唄(ぼんばい)、梵讃(ぼんさん)、漢讃などが演じられ、鈸や鐃(どう)、鼓などの楽器も使用された。またこれらの間に(あるいは同時進行で)舞楽なども演じられた。中華人民共和国においては、仏教音楽は一時期弾圧されたが、近年になって復活のきざしをみせている。また台湾では現在も伝承されているが、道教や儒教とかなり混合しており、むしろ民間音楽に近いものになっている。 [田井竜一] 朝鮮朝鮮では三国時代に中国から仏教が伝わり、新羅(しらぎ)朝には国教となったが、儒教政策をとった李朝(りちょう)時代に弾圧された。しかし、民間における信仰は根強く続けられ、今日では信仰の自由の下に復活している。仏教音楽の代表的なものには、経文を低音で速く棒読みするヨンブル(念仏)、経文を複雑な旋律で歌うポンペエ(梵唄)、寺院で僧侶が世俗的な旋律で経文の一部を歌うハチョン(和請)などのほか、僧が舞いながら大太鼓を打つ法鼓など朝鮮独自のものも多い。また楽器としては、パラ(鈸鑼)、ポプコ(法鼓)、チャルメラ系のテピョンソ(太平簫(しょう))、らっぱのナバルなどが使われる。さらにこれらの音楽は民間の芸能にも強い影響を与え、影絵人形劇(マンソクチュンノリ)などを生み出していった。 [田井竜一] 日本日本に伝えられた仏教音楽はそれ自体が発展していくのみならず、後世のさまざまな音楽に多大な影響を与えていった。儀式音楽においては声明(しょうみょう)がその中心で、その後、和讃、講式、論義といった日本語による声明も生まれ、さらにそれから御詠歌や念仏が派生した。これらは後代の語物(かたりもの)に大きな影響を与えた。また儀式音楽では、磬(けい)、鈴(れい)、錫杖(しゃくじょう)、鉦(かね)、鈸、法螺貝、太鼓などの鳴物(ならしもの)(楽器)も使用される。なお仏教儀式に舞楽が組み込まれることもかつてはあり、今日でも大阪四天王寺の聖霊会(しょうりょうえ)において伝承されている。また法会のあと行われた説教は説経浄瑠璃(じょうるり)などに影響を与え、余興として演じられた延年(えんねん)や呪師猿楽(じゅしさるがく)は能楽を生み出す母体になった。さらに、法会や檀家(だんか)における法事において盲僧が演奏した琵琶(びわ)音楽(盲僧琵琶)は、平曲に影響を与えた。そのほか、儀式とは直接関係しないものの仏教と深くかかわりのある音楽としては、今様(いまよう)、早歌(そうが)(宴曲)、歌祭文(うたざいもん)、歌念仏などがある。また江戸時代には禅宗の一部の宗派から普化(ふけ)尺八がおこり、その後の尺八音楽に影響を与えた。さらに近年では、浄土宗や禅宗の一部で西洋音楽を取り入れた讃仏歌(さんぶつか)なども生まれている。 [田井竜一] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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