Hobson, John Atkinson

Japanese: ホブソン(英語表記)Hobson, John Atkinson
Hobson, John Atkinson
Born: July 6, 1858, Derby, Derbyshire
[Died] April 1, 1940. Hampstead, London. British economist. Studied at Oxford University from 1880 to 1887. He published more than 50 books and contributed articles to many journals, but he was criticized, especially by FY Edgeworth, and never held a formal position at a university. Since his debut work, The Physiology of Industry (1889), co-authored with AF Mummery, he has developed a theory of oversaving and underconsumption, which is considered a precursor to JM Keynes's theory of effective demand, which he later praised. His main work, Imperialism: A Study (1902), which closely observed the Boer War and argued that the cause of imperialism was the unfair distribution of wealth, which manifested itself as oversaving and underconsumption, is also considered a precursor to Lenin. Because of his pro-free trade stance, he left the Liberal Party after World War I and moved closer to the Labour Party, playing a major role in drafting the party's 1925 wage platform.

Hobson
Hobson, Benjamin

Born: January 2, 1816, Welford
Died: February 16, 1873. London. British medical missionary. Chinese name: Hexin. Studied medicine at the University of London. In 1839, he became a medical missionary of the London Mission and traveled to China. From 1839 to 1843, he worked at the Macau Hospital of the London Mission, then moved to Hong Kong and opened a hospital. He returned to China in 1845, but returned to Hong Kong in 1847. From 1848, he engaged in medical missionary work in Canton. During the Arrow Incident, he fled to Hong Kong to escape the flames of war. In 1857, he went to Shanghai and worked at a hospital until 1859, returning to Japan the same year. He was skilled in Chinese literature, and his works include A New Treatise on the Entirety (1851), A New Compendium of Natural History (1855), A Brief Treatise on Western Medicine (1857), A New Theory on Women and Babies, and A New Theory on Internal Medicine (1858). Many of these works were reprinted in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, and were widely read. Because "New Theory of Holism" contains Christian ideas such as the Creator and the theory of the soul, some parts were deleted from the reprint published in 1857.

Hobson
Hobson, William

[raw]?
[Died] 1842
British naval officer. First Governor-General of New Zealand. Sent to New Zealand by the British government in 1838, he suppressed the colonial lawlessness and French advance, and negotiated with the Maori chiefs, concluding the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. With this treaty, Britain declared New Zealand its sovereignty. Initially, New Zealand was part of the colony of New South Wales in Australia, but in 1842 it became an independent British colony, with Hobson becoming its first Governor-General.

Hobson
Hobson, Sir Harold

Born: August 4, 1904, Thorpe Hesley, Yorkshire
[Died] March 12, 1992.
British theatre critic. He wrote for The Sunday Times from 1944 to 1976, and his major works include Theatre (2 volumes, 1948), Verdict at Midnight (52), and The Theatre Now (53). He was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1960 and a knighthood in 1971.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1858.7.6. ダービーシャー,ダービー
[没]1940.4.1. ロンドン,ハンプステッド
イギリスの経済学者。 1880~87年オックスフォード大学に学ぶ。その生涯に 50冊以上もの著書を公刊し,多くの雑誌に論文を寄稿したが,特に F.Y.エッジワースの批判を浴び,大学で正式な地位につくことはなかった。 A.F.ママリィと共著の処女作『産業の生理学』 The Physiology of Industry (1889) 以来彼が展開した過剰貯蓄と過少消費の理論は,後年これを評価した J.M.ケインズの有効需要論の先駆ともされる。また,ボーア戦争をつぶさに観察し,過剰貯蓄と過少消費として現れる富の不公正な分配が帝国主義の原因であるとした主著『帝国主義論』 Imperialism:A Study (1902) はレーニンの先駆と目されることもある。自由貿易支持の立場から第1次世界大戦後自由党を脱退し,労働党に近づき,同党の 1925年の賃金問題に関する政綱起草に大きな役割を演じた。

ホブソン
Hobson, Benjamin

[生]1816.1.2. ウェルフォード
[没]1873.2.16. ロンドン
イギリスの医療宣教師。中国名,合信。ロンドン大学で医学を修得。 1839年ロンドン伝道会医療宣教師となって中国に渡り,39~43年同会澳門 (マカオ) 病院に勤務,次いでホンコンに移り病院を開いた。 45年帰国したが,47年ホンコンに帰任。 48年からは広東で医療伝道に従事。アロー号事件の際には戦火をホンコンに避けた。 57年上海に出て 59年まで病院で働き,同年帰国。漢文をよくし,著書に『全体新論』 (1851) ,『博物新編』 (55) ,『西医略論』 (57) ,『婦嬰新説』『内科新説』 (58) などがあり,その多くが幕末から明治初年にかけて日本で訓点翻刻されて,広く読まれた。『全体新論』には造化主,霊魂論などキリスト教思想が述べられているため,安政4 (57) 年に出た翻刻書では一部削除されている。

ホブソン
Hobson, William

[生]?
[没]1842
イギリスの海軍軍人。ニュージーランド初代総督。 1838年イギリス政府より,ニュージーランドへ派遣され,植民者の無法とフランスの進出とを押え,またマオリ族の各首長たちと交渉を進め,40年ワイタンギ条約を締結。この条約により,イギリスはニュージーランドの領有を宣言した。当初ニュージーランドはオーストラリアのニューサウスウェールズ植民地の一部とされたが,42年イギリスの単独の植民地となり,ホブソンが初代総督となった。

ホブソン
Hobson, Sir Harold

[生]1904.8.4. ヨークシャー,ソープヘズリー
[没]1992.3.12.
イギリスの劇評家。 1944年から 76年まで『サンデー・タイムズ』紙に劇評を書き,主著に『劇場』 Theatre (2巻,1948) ,『深夜の答申』 Verdict at Midnight (52) ,『現代の演劇』 The Theatre Now (53) などがある。 60年レジオン・ドヌール勲章,71年3級勲爵士の称号を受けた。

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