Reproductive glands

Japanese: 生殖腺 - せいしょくせん
Reproductive glands

The term refers to organs that produce and release male and female gamete cells involved in animal reproduction to aid in fertilization, as well as secrete hormones that induce the development of reproductive organs, sexual characteristics of both sexes, and sexual behavior. In medicine, they are often called gonads. The gonads are called ovaries in females and testes in males, and produce eggs (ova) and sperm, respectively. In higher animals, the ovaries and testes are formed in separate individuals (dioecious), but some lower animals have gonads of both sexes within the same individual. Earthworms and tapeworms always have testes and ovaries (hermaphrodites). In oysters, the testes develop first and release sperm, and then the ovaries develop and produce eggs. There are also animals such as shipworms in which the testes and ovaries develop alternately. E. Witschi proposed (1956) that the gonads of vertebrates differentiate from the genital ridges formed by the protrusion of the coelomic epithelium, and that in the presence of male chromosomes, the epithelial cells of the genital ridges invade the center, where they form seminiferous tubules and suppress the development of surface cells, while in the absence of male chromosomes, the center degenerates and the surface cells form the ovaries. However, A. Jost et al. have questioned this theory (1972).

The gonads of vertebrates are also important as endocrine glands. The follicles of the ovaries secrete estrous hormones (follicular hormones), the corpus luteum secretes luteinizing hormones, and the interstitium secretes small amounts of androgen. The interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig cells) secrete androgen. The secretion of these sex hormones is stimulated by gonadotropic hormones in the pituitary gland. The secretion of these stimulating hormones is further stimulated by releasing factors in the hypothalamus. The estrous hormones promote the development of the uterus, vagina, and mammary glands, and the luteinizing hormones are essential for egg implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. The androgen stimulates spermatogenesis and the development of the male reproductive organs. In some chickens, when the functional left ovary is removed, the degenerated right ovary can become a testis. It is also known that in medaka, sex hormone treatment can cause genetic males to become females and females to become males.

Humans have a pair of ovaries in the pelvis, connected to the uterus by ligaments, and usually release one egg during each menstrual cycle. Human eggs are relatively large, with a diameter of 0.12 mm. Large follicles with a diameter of 12 to 18 mm that are swollen with intraluminal fluid just before ovulation are called Graafian follicles. Human testes (testes) are usually descended into the scrotum, but in rare cases, cryptorchidism, which remains in the abdominal cavity, may also occur. The testes are divided into 200 to 250 lobules by connective tissue partitions. The seminiferous tubules in each lobule are 30 to 70 centimeters long.

[Takasugi Akira]

[References] | Dioecious | Hermaphroditism | Genitalia | Reproduction | Gonadotropic hormones | Testes | Ovaries

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物の生殖に関与する雌雄の配偶子細胞を生産・放出して受精に役だてるとともに、生殖器官の発達、雌雄の性徴、性行動を誘発するホルモンを分泌する器官をいう。医学では性腺ということが多い。生殖腺は雌では卵巣、雄では精巣といわれ、それぞれ卵(卵子)と精子を形成する。高等動物では卵巣と精巣は別の個体にできる(雌雄異体)が、下等動物では同一個体内に両性の生殖腺を有するものがある。ミミズやサナダムシは精巣と卵巣を常備している(雌雄同体)。カキではまず精巣が発達して精子を放出し、そのあとで卵巣が発達して卵をつくる。また精巣と卵巣が交互に発達を繰り返すフナクイムシのような動物もある。ウィッチE. Witschiは、脊椎(せきつい)動物の生殖腺は体腔(たいこう)上皮が突出してできた生殖隆起から分化するが、雄性染色体があると生殖隆起の上皮細胞が中心部に侵入し、そこで細精管をつくって表層細胞の発達を抑え、雄性染色体がないと中心部が退化して表層の細胞が卵巣をつくる、という説をたてた(1956)。しかし、ジョストA. Jostらはこの説を疑問視している(1972)。

 脊椎動物の生殖腺は内分泌腺としても重要である。卵巣の濾胞(ろほう)(卵胞)からは発情ホルモン(卵胞ホルモン)、黄体からは黄体ホルモン、間質からは少量の雄性ホルモンが分泌される。精巣の間細胞(ライディッヒ細胞)からは雄性ホルモンが分泌される。これらの性ホルモンの分泌は下垂体の生殖腺刺激ホルモンによって刺激される。さらにこの刺激ホルモンの分泌は視床下部の放出因子によって刺激される。発情ホルモンは子宮、腟(ちつ)、乳腺の発達を促進し、黄体ホルモンは卵の着床や妊娠の維持に不可欠である。雄性ホルモンは精子形成や雄の生殖器官の発達を刺激する。ある種のニワトリでは機能的な左側の卵巣を摘出すると、退化的であった右の卵巣が精巣になることがある。また、メダカでは性ホルモン処理によって、遺伝的な雄が雌に、雌が雄に性転換することが知られている。

 ヒトの卵巣は骨盤内に1対あり、靭帯(じんたい)で子宮と結合されていて、月経周期ごとに通常1個の卵子を排卵する。ヒトの卵子は比較的に大形で、直径が0.12ミリメートルもある。排卵寸前の内腔(ないくう)液で膨らんだ直径12~18ミリメートルの大形濾胞をとくにグラーフ濾胞という。ヒトの精巣(睾丸(こうがん))は通常陰嚢(いんのう)内に下降しているが、まれには腹腔内に停留した潜伏睾丸もある。睾丸は結合組織性の隔壁で200~250の小葉に分かれている。各小葉中の細精管の長さは30~70センチメートルもある。

[高杉 暹]

[参照項目] | 雌雄異体 | 雌雄同体 | 性器 | 生殖 | 生殖腺刺激ホルモン | 精巣 | 卵巣

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