Ionization series

Japanese: イオン化列 - いおんかれつ(英語表記)ionization series
Ionization series

When a metal is immersed in an aqueous solution, it has a tendency to become a positive ion and enter the solution. This tendency is called the ionization tendency. A list of metals with this tendency from most to least is called an ionization series, also known as an electrochemical series. Hydrogen is treated equally to metals. However, this tendency can change depending on the concentration of metal ions in the aqueous solution, even for the same metal. Therefore, when comparing the tendency of different metals, the comparison must be made under the same conditions. For this reason, standard electrode potentials are used to quantitatively compare ionization tendencies. Metals that are earlier in the ionization series are more likely to become ions (be more easily oxidized), so when a metal is immersed in an aqueous solution containing ions of a metal with a lower ionization tendency than that metal, an ion exchange reaction occurs. For example, between zinc and copper, or copper and silver,
Zn + Cu 2+ - → Zn 2+ + Cu
Cu+2Ag + ―→ Cu2 ++2Ag
For example, if a piece of copper is immersed in a silver nitrate solution, part of the copper will dissolve and silver will precipitate. In the same way, when hydrogen ions are replaced, hydrogen gas is generated.

Zn+2H + ―→Zn 2+ +H 2
Generally speaking, "metals with a greater ionization tendency than hydrogen dissolve in dilute acid and generate hydrogen." Conversely, "metals with a smaller ionization tendency than hydrogen do not dissolve in normal dilute acid." However, if a metal is oxidized by an acid, it may dissolve in that acid. The ionization series of major metals, in order of greatest ionization tendency, is as follows: potassium K, calcium Ca, sodium Na, magnesium Mg, aluminum Al, manganese Mn, zinc Zn, chromium Cr, iron Fe, cadmium Cd, cobalt Co, nickel Ni, tin Sn, lead Pb, (hydrogen H), copper Cu, mercury Hg, silver Ag, and gold Au.

[Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori]

[Reference item] | Ion

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

金属は水溶液に浸した場合、陽イオンになって水溶液中に入ろうとする傾向がある。この傾向をイオン化傾向という。この傾向の大きな金属から小さな金属へと並べたものをイオン化列といい、また電気化学列ともいう。水素も金属と同等に取り扱う。ただしこの傾向は、同じ金属でも水溶液中にその金属イオンがあれば、その濃度によって変わる。そのため、違った金属の間でこの傾向を比較する場合には、同じ条件の下で比べなければならない。この理由のために、イオン化傾向の定量的比較には標準電極電位が使われる。イオン化列で前にある金属ほどイオンになりやすい(酸化されやすい)から、その金属よりもイオン化傾向の小さな金属のイオンの水溶液に浸すと、イオンの置換反応をおこす。たとえば、亜鉛と銅、銅と銀とでは、
  Zn+Cu2+―→Zn2++Cu
  Cu+2Ag+―→Cu2++2Ag
のように置換する。たとえば硝酸銀水溶液に銅片を浸すと銅片の一部が溶けて銀が析出してくる。同じように水素イオンが置き換えられると、水素ガスを発生する。

  Zn+2H+―→Zn2++H2
これを一般的にいえば「水素よりもイオン化傾向の大きな金属は、希酸に溶けて水素を発生する」。逆に「水素よりもイオン化傾向の小さい金属は、普通の希酸には溶けない」。しかし金属が酸によって酸化される場合にはその酸に溶けることもある。おもな金属のイオン化列は、イオン化傾向の大きい順に並べると次のようである。カリウムK、カルシウムCa、ナトリウムNa、マグネシウムMg、アルミニウムAl、マンガンMn、亜鉛Zn、クロムCr、鉄Fe、カドミウムCd、コバルトCo、ニッケルNi、スズSn、鉛Pb、(水素H)、銅Cu、水銀Hg、銀Ag、金Au。

[戸田源治郎・中原勝儼]

[参照項目] | イオン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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