A Buddhist term. In Sanskrit, it is called bodhisattva, and in Chinese it is transliterated as bodaisattva, and its abbreviation is bosatsu. It is a combination of bodhi (bodhi, enlightenment) and sattva (sattva, person), meaning "one who seeks enlightenment," and originally referred to the ascetic practices of Shakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, before he attained enlightenment. In particular, the Jataka (Tales of the Past) created during the period of Hinayana Buddhism show Shakyamuni's ascetic practices in his previous life under the name of bodhisattva, emphasizing that Shakyamuni was able to become a Buddha in this life because he repeatedly performed acts of compassion (bodhisattva practices) toward others. In other words, in Hinayana Buddhism, bodhisattva is always indicated in the singular, and refers only to Shakyamuni during his ascetic practices before he attained enlightenment. Other practitioners aimed to become an "arahant" by studying the Four Noble Truths and other teachings taught by Shakyamuni. Mahayana Buddhism, which arose around the time of Christ, criticized the aspiration to become an arhat based on the study of teachings in the Hinayana Buddhism, saying that it had lost sight of the true spirit of Shakyamuni's compassionate deeds. It modeled itself on Shakyamuni (Bodhisattva), who performs compassionate deeds in the Jataka, and aimed to become a "Buddha" itself. At this point, the number of bodhisattvas became plural, and all practitioners of Mahayana Buddhism came to be called bodhisattvas. In the Prajnaparamita Sutra and other texts, bodhisattvas are also called mahasattvas (people with great ambitions). If bodhisattva came to mean a general practitioner, the level of bodhisattva training would naturally become an issue. Various stages are described in the sutras, but the ten stages in the Avatamsaka Sutra are particularly well known. A distinction was also made between great and small bodhisattvas. For example, great bodhisattvas such as Kannon, Samantabhadra, and Manjusri are capable of becoming buddhas, but remain bodhisattvas to encourage all living beings. They were thought to have the same abilities as buddhas. However, if there are multiple bodhisattvas who practice to become buddhas, it is believed that many buddhas have already been born in the past, and this gave rise to the idea of multiple buddhas, such as Yakushi, Amida, and Ashuku. Mahayana Buddhism is also called the bodhisattva vehicle. Bodhisattva is the most important keyword in understanding Mahayana Buddhism. [Kato Junsho] "Studies on Early Mahayana Buddhism" by Akira Hirakawa (1968, Shunjusha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
仏教の術語。サンスクリット語でボーディサットバbodhisattvaといい、漢訳では菩提薩埵(ぼだいさった)と音写され、その省略語が菩薩である。bodhi(菩提、悟り)+sattva(薩埵、人)より「悟りを求める人」の意であり、元来は仏教の創始者釈尊の成道(じょうどう)以前の修行の姿をさしている。とくに部派仏教時代に制作された『ジャータカ』(本生譚(ほんじょうたん))は釈尊の前世の修行の姿を菩薩の名で示し、釈尊は他者に対する慈悲(じひ)行(菩薩行)を繰り返し為(な)したために今世で特別に仏陀(ぶっだ)になりえたことを強調した。すなわち、部派仏教では菩薩はつねに単数で示され、成仏(じょうぶつ)以前の修行中の釈尊だけを意味する。そして他の修行者は釈尊の説いた四諦(したい)などの法を修習して「阿羅漢(あらかん)」になることを目標にした。西暦紀元前後におこった大乗仏教は、部派仏教の法の学習に基づく阿羅漢への志向に対し、これは釈尊の真の精神たる慈悲行を取り落としたものだと批判し、『ジャータカ』の慈悲行を行う釈尊(菩薩)を自らのモデルとし、自らも「仏陀」になることを目ざした。ここに至って菩薩は複数となり、大乗仏教の修行者はすべて菩薩といわれるようになった。また『般若経(はんにゃきょう)』などでは菩薩は摩訶薩(まかさつ)(マハーサットバmahāsattva、大きな志をもつ人)ともよばれる。菩薩が一般修行者を意味するようになれば、おのずから菩薩の修行段階が問題になる。諸経典には種々の階梯(かいてい)が示されるが、とくに『華厳(けごん)経』の十地(じゅうじ)の階梯が有名である。また大菩薩、小菩薩の区別もされるようになり、たとえば観音(かんのん)、普賢(ふげん)、文殊(もんじゅ)などの大菩薩は、仏陀になりうるにもかかわらず衆生(しゅじょう)を勇気づけるために菩薩であり続けているが、実は仏陀と同じ能力を有すると考えられた。ところで、仏陀を目ざして修行する菩薩が複数であれば、過去においてもすでに多くの仏陀が誕生していることになると考えられ、薬師(やくし)、阿弥陀(あみだ)、阿閦(あしゅく)などの多仏思想が生じた。大乗仏教はまた菩薩乗ともいわれる。菩薩は大乗仏教を理解するうえで、もっとも重要なキーワードである。 [加藤純章] 『平川彰著『初期大乗仏教の研究』(1968・春秋社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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