Visiting is a fundamental activity that constitutes social life, but the customs and forms of visiting vary among ethnic cultures. Whether visiting a house, a village, or a sacred place, the visitor crosses a certain boundary or entrance. In other words, the act of crossing a boundary to move to another area or space can be considered a visit in a broad sense. The indicators that indicate this boundary vary from structures such as gates, thresholds, and bridges to natural features such as trees, stones, mountain passes, and rivers, but it should be noted that such structures and places are often endowed with sacred or symbolic meanings or play important ritual roles. These indicators also appear as symbols that indicate the entrance to the afterlife or the world of gods in the myths and views of the afterlife of each culture. Examples include the Japanese "Sanzu River" and the Zoroastrian view of the afterlife in which souls cross the "Bridge of Judgement" that leads to heaven. The specific format and rules of visits vary by culture and by the circumstances of the visit. In general, in ceremonial visits at weddings, funerals, and festivals, the visitor's clothing, color, and the time of visit are culturally regulated, and the visit is carried out according to certain rules. There are also societies in which the format of visits differs depending on gender. In the homes of the Mpondo people, a Bantu ethnic group in Africa, visitors sit near the entrance of a circular hut, with male visitors sitting on the right side of the entrance and female visitors sitting on the left. However, the Bomban people, who are also Bantu people, sit in the opposite order. In addition, traditional houses in the Okinawa region usually have a stone or wooden wall called himpun between the gate and the main house, and when visiting, the right side of the himpun is for men and outsiders on official visits, and the left side is for women and family members on private visits. These formats and rules are deeply connected to the worldview of each ethnic culture. When visiting, common activities such as exchanging greetings, shaking hands, eating meals together, and exchanging goods, food, tobacco, and other luxury items can be said to accompany the visit. There are also widely differing views on strangers and foreigners, some of whom welcome others, others who strongly dislike them. The Talenci people of West Africa believe that failure to show hospitality to a stranger will bring about a curse, and the Ashanti people also consider it an obligation to show hospitality to strangers. Conversely, there are societies such as the Amhara people of Ethiopia and the Zapotec people of Mexico where strangers are believed to have evil powers and are suspected of being sorcerers or witch doctors. [Takuma Shirakawa] FolkloreThere are formal and non-formal visits, just as there were in the past. Formal visits, i.e. visits on traditional occasions such as weddings, funerals, Obon, and New Year, could not be avoided if one neglected to make them, as it would be considered disrespectful. Therefore, it was necessary for the recipient to take care of the visit in advance. There were rules for each community and each occasion. There used to be rules for what to bring when visiting, such as mochi (rice cakes) for New Year, somen or udon for Obon, and salted mackerel in the Kansai region. There are many examples from Kanagawa Prefecture to Yamanashi Prefecture where a married girl visits her parents in the village during Obon, and this word expresses the original meaning of the formal visit during Obon, and is thought to be a sign of filial piety to the living spirits of the parents. It was an old custom to bring flour and pumpkin for this purpose, which would be cooked and eaten together in the village, called nabekari. In the case of such a formal visit, nowadays one would enter through the front door, but in old farmhouses one would enter through the large doorway, go up to a room called the dei and greet the owner, and if one was invited to sit around the hearth, one would sit in the guest seat. It was customary for the recipient to return the gift. [Osamu Takano] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
訪問は社会生活を構成する基本的な活動であるが、訪問にかかわる習俗や訪問形態は各民族文化によって多様である。家屋、村落、聖地などのいずれを訪問するにしても、訪問者は一定の境界や入口を越えて訪れることになる。換言すれば、境界を越えてほかの領域や空間に移行する行為を広義の訪問とみなすことができよう。この境界を示す指標は、門、敷居、橋などの建造物から、木、石、峠、河川など自然の地形を利用したものまでさまざまであるが、こうした建造物や場所にはしばしば聖性や象徴的意味が付与されていたり、重要な儀礼的役割を担っていたりする点は留意すべきである。これらの指標はまた、各文化の他界観や神話のなかで他界や神々の世界への入口を示す象徴としても登場する。日本の「三途(さんず)の川」や、霊魂が天国に通じる「審判者の橋」を渡るとされるゾロアスター教の来世観などは、その例である。 訪問の具体的な形式や規則は、各文化によっても、また訪問時の状況によっても異なる。一般に結婚式や葬儀、祭礼の際の儀式的訪問では、訪問者の衣服や色、訪問する時間などが文化的に規定され、一定の規則に従って訪問が実施される。また性別によって訪問形式に差異が生じる社会もある。アフリカのバントゥー系民族集団であるムポンド人の住居では、訪問者は円形の小屋の入口近くに座るが、その際、入口から向かって右側には男の訪問者、左側には女の訪問者が座る。だが同じくバントゥー系のボムバナ人では左右が逆転した座り方になる。また、沖縄地方の伝統的家屋には通常、門と母屋(おもや)の間にヒンプンとよばれる衝立(ついたて)状の石塀や板塀が設けられるが、訪問の際には、母屋に向かってヒンプンの右側から入るのは男性や外来者、公式の訪問、左側は女性や身内の者、私的な訪問という区別がされている。こうした形式や規則は、各民族文化の世界観と深く結び付いている。訪問の際に、挨拶(あいさつ)や握手を交わしたり、共食したり、物品や食物、たばこなどの嗜好(しこう)品を交換することも、訪問に付随する一般的行為といえよう。 見知らぬ者や異邦人の訪問を歓迎したり、あるいは逆に非常に嫌悪するといった相反する観念も広く認められる。西アフリカのタレンシ人では、異人の来訪に歓待を怠れば祟(たた)りがあると考えられており、同じくアシャンティ人でも異人の歓待は義務とされている。また逆にエチオピアのアムハラ人、メキシコのサポテコ人のように異人は邪悪な力をもつとされ、妖術(ようじゅつ)者や邪術者の疑いをもたれる社会もある。 [白川琢磨] 民俗正式の訪問と、そうでない場合があるのは、昔もいまも同じである。正式訪問すなわち冠婚葬祭や盆、正月など昔から決まったおりの訪問は、これを怠ると義理を欠くということで非難を受けてもしかたがなかった。したがって訪問を受けるほうでも、あらかじめ心配りをしておくことが必要であった。これには地域社会ごとに、場合ごとに決まりがあった。訪問の際、持って行く品物も、昔は決まりがあって、正月ならば餅(もち)、盆ならばそうめんかうどん、関西地方では塩サバを添える決まりになっていた。また嫁いだ娘が盆のときに里の両親を訪ねることをイキミタマとよんでいる例は、神奈川県から山梨県にかけて多いが、これなどは盆の正式訪問の本来の意味を表したことばで、生きた親の御霊(みたま)への孝養の意とみられる。このときは小麦粉とカボチャを持参するのが古習で、ナベカリと称して里でこれを料理して共食するという。こうした正式訪問の場合、現在では玄関から入るが、昔の農家では大戸口から入り、出居(でい)とよんでいる座敷へあがって挨拶(あいさつ)をし、炉端に招かれるようなときは、客座についた。なお贈答は受けた側も返礼するのが当然の習わしであった。 [高野 修] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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