It refers to the right of a man other than the groom to have sexual relations with the bride before the wedding or on the first night. The idea of respecting virginity before marriage has social and psychological factors such as the exclusivity of marital relations, and behind this is often a magical belief in women's reproductive ability. In ancient India, women were deflowered before marriage using a stone, metal, or ivory phallus (lingam) that represents the god Shiva, and in ancient Rome brides had to sit on the lap of a phallic statue for the same reason. According to Herodotus, Babylonian women had to give themselves to just one traveler (foreigner) before marriage (the view that the traveler is a disguise for a god is common around the world). However, in most cases, it was feudal landowners or priests who had the right of first night. The priests were said to be God's representatives who treated virgins and gave them abundant reproductive ability. There is also a theory that bleeding from defloration is more dangerous than menstrual bleeding, so men avoid it and only priests who are especially protected by God can endure the danger. According to this theory, the groom can protect himself and the bride can increase her reproductive ability, so in some cases a reward was paid to the person who exercised the right of first night. The exercise of the right of first night by secular authorities such as kings, nobles, and feudal lords must be considered in relation to the class system and power structure, separate from the religious rituals mentioned above. [Koichi Maruyama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
結婚直前または初夜に、花婿に先だって、花婿以外の男性が花嫁と性関係をもつ権利のことをいう。婚前の処女性を尊ぶ思想には、夫婦関係の排他性という社会的・心理的要因があり、さらにその背景には、しばしば女性の生殖能力に対する呪術(じゅじゅつ)的信仰がある。古代インドでは、シバ神の表象である石製、金属製、象牙(ぞうげ)製の男根(リンガム)によって結婚前の女性の破瓜(はか)がなされ、また古代ローマの花嫁は、同じ意味で、男根神像の膝(ひざ)の上に座らなければならなかった。ヘロドトスの記述によると、バビロニアの女性は、結婚前にただ1人の旅人(異郷人)に身を任せなければならなかった(旅人を神の仮の姿とする見方は、世界各地に多い)。しかし、多くの場合、初夜権をもつのは、封建地主や聖職者であった。聖職者は神の代理人として処女に接し、彼女に豊かな生殖能力を与えるものとされている。また、破瓜による出血は、月経による出血より危険であるため、男性はこれを避け、神にとくに保護された聖職者のみがこの危険に耐えられるという説もある。これによると、花婿は身を守ることができ、花嫁は生殖能力を増強できるというので、初夜権の行使者に謝礼金を支払う場合もあった。王侯、貴族、領主などの世俗的権力者による初夜権の行使については、以上のような宗教儀礼とは別に、身分制度や権力構造との関連で問題にしなければならない。 [丸山孝一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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