Radiation pressure

Japanese: 放射圧 - ほうしゃあつ(英語表記)radiation pressure
Radiation pressure

The pressure that electromagnetic waves exert on the surface of an object when they are absorbed or reflected by the object. When the electromagnetic wave is light, it is called light pressure. In the field of acoustics, the term is extended to sound waves and used to refer to the pressure of sound waves. Radiation pressure was first predicted theoretically by Maxwell in England, and experimentally confirmed by P.N. Lebedev in Russia in 1903. Electromagnetic waves exhibit wave-like properties such as interference and diffraction, but on the other hand, they also behave as particles. These particles are called photons, and in electromagnetic waves with a frequency of ν, they have energy of hν and momentum of magnitude hν/c (h is Planck's constant and c is the speed of light). The direction of momentum also coincides with the direction of wave travel. Therefore, when a photon is absorbed or reflected by a wall, a change in momentum occurs, and a force is exerted on the wall. This is the cause of radiation pressure. The tail of a comet points away from the sun on the line connecting the sun and the head. This phenomenon is due to the radiation pressure of sunlight.

[Ryuzo Abe]

[References] | Diffraction | Interference | Electromagnetic waves | Planck's constant | Maxwell | Lebedev

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体に当たって吸収または反射される電磁波が物体の面に及ぼす圧力。とくに電磁波として光を考える場合には光圧とよばれる。音響学の分野では、音波に拡張して、音波の示す圧力に対しても同じ用語を使用する。放射圧は、初めイギリスのマクスウェルが理論的に予言、1903年ロシアのP・N・レーベデフが実験的に確認した。電磁波は干渉、回折など波としての性質を示すが、その反面、粒子としてもふるまう。この粒子は光子とよばれ、振動数νの電磁波では、hνのエネルギー、大きさhν/cの運動量をもつ(hはプランク定数、cは光速)。また、運動量の方向は波の進行方向と一致する。このため、光子が壁に吸収あるいは反射されると運動量変化が生じ、壁に力を及ぼすことになる。これが放射圧の原因である。彗星(すいせい)の尾は、太陽と頭とを結ぶ直線上、太陽から遠ざかる方向を向く。この現象は太陽光の放射圧のためである。

[阿部龍蔵]

[参照項目] | 回折 | 干渉 | 電磁波 | プランク定数 | マクスウェル | レーベデフ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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