Poisson's ratio

Japanese: ポアソン比 - ぽあそんひ(英語表記)Poisson's ratio
Poisson's ratio

When a solid object is stretched in one direction, it shrinks in the direction perpendicular to that direction. The ratio of the strain caused by this contraction to the strain caused by expansion is called the Poisson's ratio. It was introduced by the French mathematician and physicist Poisson. If an object with length l is stretched by Δ l and its width a shrinks by Δ a , then the Poisson's ratio σ is σ=( Δ a / a )/( Δ l / l )
In an isotropic elastic body, Poisson's ratio σ is given by the bulk modulus K , the shear modulus G , and K = 2 G (1 + σ)/3(1 - 2σ).
where σ can take values ​​between zero and 0.5. For materials such as rubber where G is small compared to K , σ is almost always 0.5. However, for materials with elastic anisotropy such as crystals, σ does not necessarily fall between zero and 0.5. Poisson's ratio can be calculated either by directly measuring the elongation and contraction or by calculating it from other elastic moduli.

[Wada Yatsumi]

[Reference] | Elastic modulus | Elongation | Strain | Poisson

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

固体の物体を一つの方向に伸ばすと、これと直角の方向には縮む。この縮みのひずみと伸びのひずみの比をポアソン比という。フランスの数学者・物理学者ポアソンによって導入された。長さlの物体がΔlだけ伸びたときに、幅aΔaだけ縮んだとすると、ポアソン比σは
  σ=(Δa/a)/(Δl/l)
で与えられる。等方的弾性体ではポアソン比σは、体積弾性率K、ずり弾性率G
  K=2G(1+σ)/3(1-2σ)
の関係があり、σはゼロから0.5までの値をとる可能性がある。ゴムのようにKに比べてGが小さい物質ではσはほとんど0.5になる。しかし結晶のような弾性的異方性をもった物質ではかならずしもσはゼロから0.5の間になるとは限らない。ポアソン比を求めるには、直接に伸びと縮みを測定する場合と、他の弾性率から計算する場合とがある。

[和田八三久]

[参照項目] | 弾性率 | 伸び | ひずみ | ポアソン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Poisson distribution

>>:  Poisson's law of small numbers

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