Haeckel, Ernst (Heinrich Philipp August)

Japanese: ヘッケル（英語表記）Haeckel， Ernst (Heinrich Philipp August)

Born: February 16, 1834, Potsdam
[Died] August 9, 1919, Jena German biologist. His father was an administrative officer. He studied medicine at the universities of Würzburg and Berlin. He became interested in marine animals under the influence of J. Muller, who was a professor at the University of Berlin at the time. He obtained his degree in zoology from the University of Jena in 1861, and became an associate professor in the same year, and a full professor in 1865. When C. Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published, he supported it and worked to popularize and enlighten the theory of evolution. He aspired to explain the entire natural world in a unified way, and sought the role of evolution as a fundamental theory for this purpose. He also assumed a continuous transition from the non-living world to the living world, and hypothesized a primitive organism called Monera as a link between the two worlds. It was considered to be a structureless mass made of proteins, and he thought that physical laws would apply to it and it would evolve into a single-celled organism and then into a multicellular organism. The discovery of Monera, which at one time supported this hypothesis, was later found to be incorrect. His basic approach of trying to explain living things using physical laws was also adopted in his theory of genetics, explaining the mechanism of genetics in terms of the movement of molecules that make up protoplasm. As early as 1866, he suggested, based solely on theoretical considerations, that the nucleus is related to genetics. He also formulated the famous theory of recapitulation, which he called the "principle of biological development," and placed great importance on it. His main work was Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866).

Heckel
Heckel, Erich

Born: July 31, 1883 in Döbeln
Died: January 27, 1970, Radolfzell. German painter. Studied architecture at the Technical University in Dresden, then switched to painting. In 1905, together with his friend EL Kirchner, he founded the expressionist movement "Brücke". In 1911, he settled in Berlin. He was a professor at the Karlsruhe School of Art from 1949 to 1956. His works were characterized by strong colors and clear contours in his landscapes and portraits. He also produced many woodblock and lithograph prints.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1834.2.16. ポツダム
[没]1919.8.9. イェナ
ドイツの生物学者。父は行政官。ウュルツブルク，ベルリン両大学で医学を学ぶ。ベルリン大学で当時教授であった J.ミュラーの影響を受け，海産動物の研究に関心をもつ。 1861年，イェナ大学より動物学の学位を取得，同年員外教授，65年より正教授。 C.ダーウィンの『種の起原』が出版されると，それを支持し，進化論の普及・啓蒙に努めた。彼は自然界全体を一元的に説明することを志し，そのための基礎理論としての役割を進化論に求めた。また無生物界から生物界への連続的な移行を想定し，両界をつなぐものとしてモネラという原始的な生物を仮想。それは蛋白質から成る無構造の塊とされ，これに物理法則が働いて単細胞生物へ，さらに多細胞生物へと進化すると考えた。この仮説を一時裏づけていたモネラの発見は，誤りであることがのちに判明した。生物を物理法則で説明しようとする基本姿勢は，遺伝に関する理論においてもとられており，原形質をつくっている分子の運動で遺伝の仕組みを説明。理論的考察のみに基づいてではあるが，核が遺伝に関係していることを，66年という早い時期に示唆した。また，有名な反復説を定式化し，「生物発生原則」とも呼んで重視した。主著『一般形態学』 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866) 。

ヘッケル
Heckel， Erich

[生]1883.7.31. デーベルン
[没]1970.1.27. ラードルフツェル
ドイツの画家。ドレスデンの工科大学で建築を学び，のち絵画に転じた。友人 E. L.キルヒナーらとともに 1905年，表現主義運動「ブリュッケ」を創設。 11年よりベルリンに定住。 49～56年までカルルスルーエ美術学校教授をつとめた。強烈な色彩とはっきりした輪郭による風景，人物画が特色。また木版画，石版画も多数制作した。

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