Ho - Ho

(1) The lower-level administrative organization established in Article 9 of the Koryo (Household Law). Five households were set as one unit, and one head (Hocho) was appointed to control the accommodation of travelers who came to the Goko and the travel of the Goko. If a member of the Goko ran away, the Goko (also called Goho) was to pursue him. While he was not found, the Goho and his relatives of the third degree were obligated to pay taxes in equal shares on his behalf. It imitated the Goho system of the Tang Dynasty, and is similar to the Goningumi system of the Edo period. In the Tang Dynasty, a dual system of Goho and the four neighbors of a family was established, but the four neighbor system was not adopted in Japan. In the Tang Dynasty, the state controlled the natural interrelationship between villages and neighbors in addition to the artificial administrative divisions, but such state control did not materialize in Japan. The implementation of the ho is confirmed by the appearance of the name hocho on wooden tablets excavated from the Shiroyama and Iba ruins in Shizuoka Prefecture. During the Heian period, the ho was transformed into a regional organization and changed into a unit of tax collection. (2) A unit of the jobo system. Four cho (one cho had 32 household heads) made up one ho, and four ho made up one bo (area 180 jo square). A hotone was appointed to the ho.

[Kiyoaki Kito]

(3) A unit of kokuga territory established in the late Heian period with the dissolution and reorganization of the Ritsuryo system of districts and counties. Formed in the Kinai region and nearby areas between the late 11th and early 12th centuries, it gradually spread to remote areas such as the eastern and Chinzei regions, and historical records show that it existed almost throughout the country. According to the Ota-bumi of the Kamakura period, in Noto, Wakasa, and Awaji, one-third to one-fifth of the total were ho, making them a large proportion. A ho was established when a land development application by a development lord was approved by the kokushu, and the development applicant was appointed as a hoshiki and given the authority to promote agriculture within the ho and collect land and official taxes. The hoji also had the authority to impose miscellaneous duties on the residents of the hoji area, and some say this was what distinguished them from other units of kokugaryo. Applicants were not only local lords, but often lords in Kyoto who were connected to powerful families and government offices, such as priests from the central temples and shrines, close vassals of the chigyo kokushu or kokushu, or middle and lower-ranking officials of the central government offices. In these cases, the applicants used their position to lobby the kokushu to have them appoint them as tahiho, investing capital in the area as hoji while appointing powerful local lords to the position of tahiho and having them handle development work such as organizing the labor force. From the kokushu's perspective, tahiho allowed them to compensate for overdue payments of state benefits, such as fukomono (money paid to the households) and tributes, which they owed to the central government offices and government offices, and this aspect also promoted the formation of tahiho. There were many cases in which the lands of local lords, as well as those of Kyoto-based lords, were donated to central authorities and transformed into manors.

[Nobumi Tamura]

"Yoshie Akio, "The formation and characteristics of 'Ho'" (Hokkaido University Faculty of Letters Bulletin 34, 1973)" "Amino Yoshihiko, "The formation and structure of the manor and public land system" (Takeuchi Rizo, ed., Land System History 1, 1973, Yamakawa Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

（1）戸令(こりょう)（養老(ようろう)令）の第9条に定められた末端行政組織。五戸を一つの単位として設定し、1人の長（保長）を置き、五戸の内にきた旅人の宿泊や五戸の中の人の旅行などを掌握させた。五戸の中の人が逃亡した場合には五戸（五保とも称する）の人がこれを追い訪(とぶ)らうことになっていた。みつからない間は、五保と三親等の親族が均分して租税を代納する義務を負った。唐の五保の制度をまねたもので、江戸時代の五人組制度にも類似したところがある。唐では五保とともに一家の四隣による制度とが二重に置かれていたが、日本では四隣の制度は継受されなかった。唐は人為的な行政区画と並んで、村―隣という自然的な相互関係を国家が掌握していたが、日本ではそういう国家的掌握は実現しなかったのである。保が実施されたことは静岡県の城山(しろやま)遺跡および伊場(いば)遺跡出土木簡に保長の名称がみえることで確認される。平安時代には保は地域的な組織として変質し、徴税の単位に変わった。（2）条坊制の一単位。四町（一町は32戸主(へぬし)）をもって一保とし、四保をもって一坊（面積180丈平方）とした。保には保刀禰(ほとね)が置かれた。

［鬼頭清明］

（3）平安後期、律令(りつりょう)制的郡郷組織の解体・再編に伴って成立した国衙(こくが)領の単位の一つ。畿内(きない)近国において11世紀後半～12世紀初頭に形成され、徐々に東国・鎮西(ちんぜい)などの遠隔地域にも波及したもので、史料的にはほぼ全国的に存在を確認できる。鎌倉時代の大田文(おおたぶみ)によれば、能登(のと)・若狭(わかさ)・淡路(あわじ)では全体の3分の1ないし5分の1が保であり、大きな比重を占めていたことが知られる。保は開発領主による田地開発の申請が国守によって認可されることでたてられ、開発申請者は保司職(ほししき)に補任(ぶにん)されるとともに保内の勧農や田率官物(かんもつ)収納の権限を与えられた。また保司は保内の住人に対して雑役(ぞうやく)賦課の権限を有したが、この点が他の国衙領の単位と区別される特徴であるとする説もある。申請者は在地領主ばかりでなく、しばしば中央大寺社の僧侶(そうりょ)、知行(ちぎょう)国主や国守の近臣、あるいは中央官司の中下級官人層など権門・官司に連なる在京領主で、この場合、申請者はその立場を利用して国守に働きかけて立保せしめ、自らは保司として資本を在地に投下する一方、有力在地領主層を保公文(くもん)職に任じて労働力編成など開発実務にあたらせた。国守側では立保によって国守が中央権門・官司に負う封戸(ふこ)物、上納物など国家的給付の滞納を補償できたため、この面からも保の形成は促進されたといえる。かかる在京領主の保はもちろん、在地領主の保も中央権門に寄進されるなどして、荘園(しょうえん)に転化した事例は少なくない。

［田村憲美］

『義江彰夫「『保』の形成とその特質」（『北海道大学文学部紀要34』所収・1973）』▽『網野善彦「荘園公領制の形成と構造」（竹内理三編『土地制度史　一』所収・1973・山川出版社）』

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