Tonsils - Tonsils

Japanese: 扁桃 - へんとう
Tonsils - Tonsils

Lymphatic tissue that exists under the mucosal epithelium and surrounds the transitional area (isthmus) from the oral cavity to the pharynx, and is composed of a collection of lymph nodules. In a broader sense, it is also called tonsils. There are four types of tonsils depending on their location: lingual tonsils (base of the tongue tonsil), palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, and Eustachian tube tonsils. The lingual tonsil is located at the base of the tongue and is a collection of numerous hill-like elevations (lingual vesicles). The palatine tonsil is located between the folds of the isthmus (the lower palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch on both the left and right sides). It is slightly flattened and oval in shape, very similar to an almond (tonsil) seed, and is the most developed of all tonsils. When the term tonsils is used in a narrower sense, it refers to the palatine tonsil. The pharyngeal tonsils are located in the upper part of the posterior wall of the pharynx, and their downward continuation connects to the Eustachian tube tonsils located around the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The latter two tonsils are commonly called "nasal tonsils" and cannot be seen from the outside, but can be seen with a posterior nasal speculum.

The four types of tonsils form a ring that surrounds the cylindrical pharyngeal wall, so German anatomist W. von Waldeyer (1836-1921) collectively called them lymphoepithelial pharyngeal rings. Although there are some differences in the structure of these tonsils, they have in common that many lymph nodules are lined up in a row almost parallel to the epithelium under the mucosal epithelium. The mucosal epithelium on the surface of the tonsils is uneven, forming deep indentations called crypts that extend tubules to the lymph nodules. Lymphocytes, along with antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) and granular white blood cells, migrate into these crypts and are excreted in saliva. These cells are called salivary corpuscles. All tonsils develop after birth and shrink somewhat in adulthood. In children, the palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils often become inflamed and swollen, and may be the subject of surgery to remove them (the swollen pharyngeal tonsils are called adenoids). In Latin and English, the word tonsil means "tonsil," which is said to refer to the place where ships anchored in the Roman era.

[Kazuyo Shimai and Koji Uemi]

[References] | Adenoids
Location and names of the tonsils
©Shogakukan ">

Location and names of the tonsils


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

口腔(こうくう)から咽頭(いんとう)への移行部(口峡)を取り巻くように粘膜上皮の下層に存在するリンパ組織で、リンパ小節の集合体からなる。広い意味では扁桃腺(へんとうせん)とよぶこともある。扁桃にはその存在部位によって、舌扁桃(ぜつへんとう)(舌根扁桃)、口蓋扁桃(こうがいへんとう)、咽頭扁桃、耳管扁桃(じかんへんとう)の4種類がある。舌扁桃は舌根面にあり、多数の丘状の高まり(舌小胞)の集合体である。口蓋扁桃は口峡のひだ(左右両側下方の口蓋舌弓(ぜつきゅう)と口蓋咽頭弓)の間にある。やや平たい卵形でアーモンド(扁桃)の種によく似た形をしており、扁桃のなかでは、もっとも発達している。狭い意味で扁桃腺とよぶ場合は口蓋扁桃のことをさす。咽頭扁桃は咽頭後壁の上部にあり、この下方への続きは耳管咽頭口の周囲に存在する耳管扁桃に連続している。後二者の扁桃は俗に「鼻の扁桃腺」ともよばれ、外からは見えないが、後鼻鏡を使えば見ることができる。

 4種の扁桃は円筒状の咽頭壁を取り巻く輪を形成しているので、ドイツの解剖学者ワルダイエルW. von Waldeyer(1836―1921)は、リンパ上皮性咽頭輪と総称した。これら扁桃の構造には、それぞれ多少の相違があるが、粘膜上皮の下層に多くのリンパ小節が上皮とほぼ平行に一列に並んでいる点は共通である。扁桃表面の粘膜上皮には凹凸がみられ、陰窩(いんか)とよばれる深い陥入をつくってリンパ小節まで細管を伸ばしている。リンパ球は抗体産生細胞(形質細胞)や顆粒性(かりゅうせい)白血球などとともに、この陰窩に遊出して唾液(だえき)中に出る。これらの細胞を唾液小体という。扁桃はいずれも生後に発達し、成人後は多少縮小する。子供では口蓋扁桃や咽頭扁桃がしばしば炎症をおこして腫脹(しゅちょう)し、摘出手術の対象となることがある(咽頭扁桃の腫脹したものをアデノイドとよぶ)。なお、ラテン語、英語では、扁桃をtonsilというが、これはローマ時代の船の停泊地をさすという。

[嶋井和世・上見幸司]

[参照項目] | アデノイド
扁桃の部位と名称
©Shogakukan">

扁桃の部位と名称


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