Claude Louis Berthollet

Japanese: ベルトレ - べるとれ(英語表記)Claude Louis Berthollet
Claude Louis Berthollet

French chemist. Born into a family of immigrants in Savoy near Italy. He studied medicine at the University of Turin (1768, MD), and chemistry under Macaire and others in Paris. He played an important role in the scientific world during a period of political upheaval, becoming a member of the Academie des Sciences (1780), a member of the Academie des Sciences (1795), director of the National Gobelins Manufacture and inspector of dyeworks (1784), founding the École Polytechnique (1794), and founding the Egyptian Academy when he accompanied Napoleon on his Egyptian campaign. In 1804 he was made a count and a senator. From 1807 he educated the next generation at an academic society he established in Arcueil, a suburb of Paris.

He wrote "Nomenclature of Chemistry" (1787) with Lavoisier and others, and discovered that hydrocyanic acid does not contain oxygen, showing that acids are not necessarily based on oxygen (1787). He also clarified the composition of ammonia (1785) and methane (1786). He also conducted technical research on the production of gunpowder using potassium chlorate made from chlorine and on cloth bleaching using chlorine water (1785). The latter developed into C. Tennant's bleaching powder, which played a major role in promoting the Industrial Revolution. In "Principles of Dyeing" (1791), he considered the mechanism of dyeing from a chemical perspective. His "Discourse on Chemical Statics" (1803) is a historic book that predicted the law of mass action. During his stay in Egypt, he observed the collection of natron (sodium carbonate) in a salt lake, and proposed that common salt and lime, which do not normally react, undergo double decomposition when exposed to high temperatures and a large amount of the latter. He proposed that affinity is affected by physical conditions such as amount, solubility, and temperature, and that the direction of a chemical reaction changes. However, because the bonding ratio of substances was generalized to the point that it could change continuously depending on the conditions, it was criticized by Proust, who proposed the law of definite proportions, and the seeds of chemical equilibrium were crushed. The existence of compounds with non-stoichiometric composition such as glass was later recognized and named bertholide.

[Yoshihito Hijioka]

"The People Who Created Chemistry" by Kaloyan Manoloff, translated by Mitsuo Hayakawa (1979, Tokyo Tosho)

[References] | Tennant | Proust | Bertholdi compound | Macaire | Lavoisier

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの化学者。イタリアに近いサボアの移住者の家の出。トリノ大学で医学を(1768年、医学博士)、パリのマケールらに化学を学ぶ。科学アカデミー会員(1780)、学士院会員(1795)、国立ゴブラン製造所長官および染色工場監察官(1784)、理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)の設立(1794)、ナポレオンのエジプト遠征に随伴した際のエジプト学士院の創設など、政治的変動期において科学界の重鎮として活躍した。1804年には伯爵および元老院議員。1807年からはパリ郊外のアルクイユに設立した学会で後進を育てる。

 ラボアジエらと『化学命名法』(1787)を著すが、青酸は酸素を含まないことをみいだし、酸はかならずしも酸素に基づかないことを示した(1787)。アンモニア(1785)やメタン(1786)の組成も明らかにした。塩素から製した塩素酸カリウムによる火薬製造や塩素水による布漂白(1785)などの技術的研究もある。後者はC・テナントの漂白粉へと発展し、産業革命の推進に大いに力あった。『染色法原理』(1791)では染色機構を化学的に考察した。『化学静力学論考』(1803)は質量作用の法則を予見した歴史に残る書である。エジプト滞在中、塩湖におけるナトロン(炭酸ナトリウム)採取を観察し、通常は反応しない食塩と石灰が後者の多量の存在と高温とによって複分解すると考えた。親和力は量、溶解度、温度などの物理的条件の影響を受け、化学反応の方向が変化するとした。しかし、物質の結合割合は条件によって連続的に変わりうるとまで一般化したので、定比例の法則を提唱したプルーストの批判を受け、化学平衡にかかわる萌芽(ほうが)はつぶされてしまった。ガラスのような不定比組成の化合物の存在はのちに認められ、ベルトライドと命名された。

[肱岡義人]

『カロヤン・マノロフ著、早川光雄訳『化学をつくった人びと』(1979・東京図書)』

[参照項目] | テナント | プルースト | ベルトライド化合物 | マケール | ラボアジエ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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