Herzog, Roman

Japanese: ヘルツォーク(英語表記)Herzog, Roman
Herzog, Roman
Born: April 5, 1934, Landshut
[Died] 10 January 2017, Bad Mergentheim German politician. President (in office 1994-99). Born and educated in Bavaria. In 1958, he received his doctorate in law from the University of Munich. In 1966, he became professor of constitutional law and political science at the Free University of Berlin. In 1969, he moved to Speyer to teach political science, and in 1970, he joined the center-right Christian Democratic Union. During his time at the Speyer School of Government, he met Helmut Kohl, who was the Prime Minister of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and in 1973, he became the Plenipotentiary of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Bonn, the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). He held various government positions, eventually moving to Stuttgart, where he became Minister of the Interior of the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1980. In 1983, he became Vice-President of the Federal Constitutional Court, and in 1987, he became President of the same court. In May 1994, he won the first federal presidential election since the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990, receiving the necessary majority of votes on the third round of voting. During his term as president, he worked to deepen mutual understanding between the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and West Germany. He was also a proponent of European unification. After his term ended in 1999, he taught as a part-time professor at several universities in Germany. In 2003, he founded the Roman Herzog Research Centre in Munich.

Herzog
Herzog; duc; duke

Originally the term dux, which means "commander of the army" in Old Germanic, was chosen from among the nobles at a popular assembly in times of war, but it eventually came to be used to refer to political leaders in times of peace as well. Their authority was comparable to that of a king. During the decline of the Merovingian monarchy, the "tribal princes" Stammes-Herzog emerged, who ruled over tribes such as Bavaria and the Alemannians. This local power was once suppressed under the Carolingian dynasty, but was revived in the early 10th century and formed the basis of the German Empire until the mid-12th century. With the development of feudalism, the position of Herzog generally came to refer to a rank of great nobles above the Graf and below the king, but the role of this high-ranking nobleman, translated as "duke," in the history of national systems was not uniform from country to country.

Herzog
Hertzog, James Barry Munnik

Born: April 3, 1866, near Wellington, Cape Colony
Died: November 21, 1942. Pretoria. South African soldier, politician, and Afrikaner (local white Dutch) nationalist. After graduating from the University of Amsterdam, he became a lawyer and then a judge, but served as a commander in the Second Boer War of 1899-1902. After Federation was established in 1910, he became Minister of Justice in the L. Botha cabinet, but resigned in 1912 for his anti-British stance. In 1914, he formed the Afrikaner-based National Party, which he joined with the Labour Party in the 1924 general election and won, becoming Prime Minister. He advocated neutrality during World War II, and resigned after being defeated in a parliamentary vote on entry into the war in 1939. He also resigned from his seat in parliament in 1940.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1934.4.5. ランツフート
[没]2017.1.10. バートメルゲントハイム
ドイツの政治家。大統領(在任 1994~99)。バイエルン州で生まれ,教育を受けた。1958年,ミュンヘン大学で法学博士号を取得。1966年に,ベルリン自由大学で憲法学および政治学の教授に就任した。1969年にシュパイアー行政大学院に移って政治学を教え,翌 1970年に中道右派のキリスト教民主同盟に入党した。シュパイアー行政大学院時代に,ラインラントファルツ州の首相だったヘルムート・コールに出会い,1973年,ドイツ連邦共和国(西ドイツ)の首都ボンで,ラインラントファルツ州の全権代表となった。その後政府の役職を歴任し,最終的にシュツットガルトに移り 1980年にはバーデンウュルテンベルク州の内務大臣となった。1983年に連邦憲法裁判所副長官に就任。1987年に同裁判所長官となった。1994年5月,1990年の東西ドイツの統一後初めての連邦大統領選挙が行なわれ,3回目の投票で当選に必要な過半数の票を獲得し,勝利した。大統領任期中はドイツ民主共和国(東ドイツ)と西ドイツの相互理解を深めることに努めた。またヨーロッパ統一の推進派でもあった。1999年に任期が満了すると,ドイツ内の複数の大学で非常勤の教授として教鞭をとった。2003年,ミュンヘンにローマン・ヘルツォーク研究センターを設立した。

ヘルツォーク
Herzog; duc; duke

もともと古ゲルマンの軍隊統率者の意で,ラテン語でドゥクス duxと呼ばれ,戦争の際の人民集会で貴族のなかから選ばれたが,やがて平時においても政治的な指導者をこう呼ぶようになった。その権威は王に準じるものであった。メロビング朝の王権衰退期に,バイエルン,アレマンネンなどの諸部族を支配する「部族公」 Stammes-Herzogが出現し,この地方的勢力は,カロリング朝のもとで一度制圧されたのち,10世紀初めに復活し,12世紀中頃までドイツ帝国の土台を形成した。封建制の発達とともにヘルツォーク職は,一般にグラーフの上,王の下に立つ大貴族の位階をさすようになるが,「公 (こう) 」と訳されるこの高級貴族の国制史的な役割は国によって一様でない。

ヘルツォーク
Hertzog, James Barry Munnik

[生]1866.4.3. ケープ植民地ウェリントン近郊
[没]1942.11.21. プレトリア
南アフリカ共和国の軍人,政治家,アフリカーナー (現地オランダ系白人) 民族主義者。アムステルダム大学卒業後,弁護士,次いで判事となったが,1899~1902年の南ア戦争 (第2次ボーア戦争) に司令官として従軍。 10年連邦成立後 L.ボータ内閣の法相となり,12年に反英的立場から辞職。 14年アフリカーナーを基盤とする国民党を結成,24年の総選挙に労働党と組んで勝ち,首相となった。第2次世界大戦の際中立を主張し,39年参戦をめぐる議会の表決で敗れて辞職。 40年に議員も辞任した。

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