Wöhler - Friedrich Wöhler

Japanese: ウェーラー - うぇーらー(英語表記)Friedrich Wöhler
Wöhler - Friedrich Wöhler

German chemist and the first artificial synthesizer of an organic substance (urea). Born in Eschelsheim (now a district of Frankfurt am Main). Entered the medical school at the University of Marburg in 1820, and transferred to the University of Heidelberg the following year in 1821, where he obtained his doctorate in medicine in 1823. Influenced by chemistry professor Gmelin at the same university, he began studying chemistry. Following his recommendation, he studied under Berzelius in Stockholm (1823-1824), with whom he formed a long and close teacher-student relationship. After returning to Germany, he taught at the Technical College in Berlin, and in 1835 became professor of chemistry at the Technical College in Kassel, and in 1836 became professor at the University of Göttingen, where he held that position until his death.

His first research was the identification of selenium in Bohemian sulfuric acid ore (announced in 1821). At the time, new metallic elements were continuously isolated and discovered based on the development of the mining industry. In 1827, he isolated metallic aluminum, which became the starting point of the later metallic aluminum industry. He isolated beryllium and yttrium in 1828, discovered a method for producing phosphorus in 1829, and a method for producing nickel in 1832. He also isolated osmium and iridium from platinum residue in 1834, and conducted many other research projects in the field of inorganic chemistry. He also conducted even more important research in the field of organic chemistry. As an extension of his research on mineral analysis in 1824, he discovered that the elemental composition of cyanic acid was the same as that of fulminant acid announced by Liebig. At the time, it was believed that if the elemental composition was the same, the compounds were the same, so a dispute arose between the two over the results of their experiment, but in 1827, Wöhler deduced that this was due to differences in the atomic arrangement. In 1824, while trying to synthesize ammonium cyanate, he accidentally discovered its isomer, urea, an organic compound, and published a paper titled "On the Artificial Synthesis of Urea" in 1828. Since the synthesis of organic matter from inorganic matter had been believed to be due to an inexplicable "vital force," this discovery brought about a revolutionary change in organic chemistry. In 1831, Berzelius comprehensively evaluated the results of both experiments and named the phenomenon of cyanic acid (today's formula HO-C≡N) and fulminate (also HO-N=C), which have the same elemental composition but are different compounds, "isomerism." Through this problem, Liebig and Wöhler formed a friendship and many fruitful collaborative research projects were realized. The joint paper "On the Groups of Benzoic Acid" (1832) was the result of a joint research project, which Liebig conducted partly to console Wöhler, who had lost his wife. This research established the theory of groups as atomic groups that move together during reactions, and advanced the elucidation of organic chemical structures. Prior to this, he had discovered hippuric acid in the urine of dogs fed benzoic acid (1830), and conducted systematic research on uric acid with Liebig (1838), which was considered a classic example of research on organic compounds. He also produced crystalline silicon (1823), isolated boron (1857), discovered a series of silicon compounds (around 1857), discovered calcium carbide (1862), and used it to synthesize acetylene (1868).

He translated volumes 4-27 of Berzelius' Annals of Chemistry (1833-1841) and all 10 volumes of a chemistry textbook (1835-1841), and wrote books such as Elementa of Inorganic Chemistry (1831), Elementa of Organic Chemistry (1840), and Illustrative Mineral Analysis (1861), as well as the Dictionary of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1837-1864), which he co-edited with Liebig and Poggendorff. He also participated in the editing of Liebig's Annals of Chemistry. His collection of letters between Liebig and Berzelius is also well known.

[Kotoyo Tokumoto]

"The Liebig-Wohler Correspondence" by Nozomi Yamaoka (1966, Uchida Rokakuho)

[References] | Aluminum | Gmelin | Urea | Vanadium | Beryllium | Berzelius | Organic compounds | Liebig

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの化学者。有機物(尿素)の最初の人工的合成者。エシェルスハイム(現在はフランクフルト・アム・マインの一市区)に生まれる。1820年マールブルク大学医学部に入学、翌1821年ハイデルベルク大学に移り、1823年医学博士の学位を取得。同大学の化学教授グメーリンの影響を受け、化学研究の道に入る。勧めに従ってストックホルムのベルツェリウスのもとに留学(1823~1824)、以後長く親密な師弟関係を結んだ。帰国後ベルリンの工業専門学校で教え、1835年カッセルの工業大学化学教授、1836年ゲッティンゲン大学教授となり没するまで勤めた。

 最初の研究は、ボヘミア産硫酸原料鉱石中のセレンの確認(1821発表)。当時、鉱山業の発展を基盤として、新しい金属元素の分離・発見が続いた。1827年金属アルミニウムを分離、のちの金属アルミニウム工業の出発点となった。1828年にベリリウム、イットリウムを単離、また1829年にリンの製出法、1832年にニッケル製出法を発見し、1834年白金残渣(ざんさ)からオスミウム、イリジウムを分離するなど、無機化学分野で多数の研究を行った。有機化学分野でもそれ以上に重要な研究を行った。1824年鉱物分析に関する研究の延長上で、シアン酸の元素組成がリービヒの発表した雷酸と等しいことを発見した。当時、元素組成が等しければ同一の化合物であると考えられていたため、実験結果をめぐって両者間に論争が展開されたが、1827年、ウェーラーはそれを、原子配列が異なるためと推定した。1824年、シアン酸アンモニウムをつくろうとして偶然に、その異性体であり有機物である尿素を得、1828年に論文「尿素の人工的合成について」を発表した。有機物の無機物からの合成は、説明のできない「生命力」によるものとされていたので、この発見は有機化学に画期的な変革をもたらした。1831年、ベルツェリウスは両者の実験結果を総合的に判断し、シアン酸(今日の式ではHO-C≡N)と雷酸(同じくHO-N=C)のように、元素組成が同じで化合物としては異なる現象に対し「同分異性」isomerismと命名した。この問題を通じてリービヒとウェーラーの間に親交が結ばれ、多くの有益な共同研究が実現した。共著論文「安息香酸の基について」(1832)は、リービヒが、妻を亡くしたウェーラーを慰める意味もあって共同研究された成果である。この研究により、反応時にまとまって動く原子団としての基の理論がたてられ、有機化学構造についての解明が進んだ。またこれより前、安息香酸を与えたイヌの尿中に馬尿酸を発見(1830)、リービヒと系統的尿酸研究を行った(1838)。これは有機化合物研究の古典的範例とされた。ほかにも結晶ケイ素の製出(1823)およびホウ素の単離(1857)、一連のケイ素化合物の発見(1857ころ)、炭化カルシウムの発見(1862)と、それによるアセチレンの合成(1868)などの研究がある。

 訳書にベルツェリウスの『年報』第4~27巻(1833~1841)、および化学教科書全10巻(1835~1841)、著書に『無機化学の基礎』(1831)、『有機化学の基礎』(1840)、『実例鉱物分析』(1861)などのほか、リービヒ、ポッゲンドルフと共同編集の『純粋および応用化学辞典』(1837~1864)がある。リービヒの『化学年報』の編集にも携わった。リービヒ、ベルツェリウスとの往復書簡集も著名である。

[徳元琴代]

『山岡望著『リービッヒ‐ウェーラー往復書簡』(1966・内田老鶴圃)』

[参照項目] | アルミニウム | グメーリン | 尿素 | バナジウム | ベリリウム | ベルツェリウス | 有機化合物 | リービヒ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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