A historical region spanning western Ukraine and southeastern Poland. English name: Galicia. Galicia is Polish. Area: about 80,000 square kilometers. Just before World War I, the population was about 8 million. Of these, about 4 million were Poles living mainly in the west, and more than 3 million were Ruthenians (German name for Ukrainians) living in the east. In addition, about 800,000 Jews and tens of thousands of Germans lived there. In the east was the Principality of Galicia, which separated from Kievan Rus in the 12th century. The west had been part of the Kingdom of Poland since the 10th century, and its capital, Kraków, was its political and cultural center. In the 14th century, it was briefly ruled by the Hungarian dynasty, and at the end of the 14th century it came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. However, with the partition of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia that began in 1772, the whole of Galicia was incorporated into the Austrian Habsburgs' domain under the name of the Kingdom of Galicia-Lodomeria, which included the Grand Duchy of Kraków. The kingdom was administered by mainly German officials under the local government of Lwów (now Lvov, Ukraine, German name Lemberg). In the 19th century, as the liberation movements of the ethnic groups in the Habsburg Empire became more active, the gradual success of the Polonization of Galicia intensified ethnic and class conflicts with the Ruthenians, who were overwhelmingly peasant. After World War I, Galicia was restored to the restored Poland. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, it was decided that the eastern border of Poland should be the Curzon Line, which had been the border between Poland and the Soviet Union in 1919, and that eastern Galicia should become Ukrainian, and western Galicia should become Polish. [Tsuyoshi Inano] "History of the Polish People" by Yamamoto Toshio and Iuchi Toshio (1980, Sanseido)" ▽ "History of Poland" by Ambroise Jobert, translated by Yamamoto Toshio (1970, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Nationalism in Eastern Europe" by Peter Sugar and Ivo Lederer, translated by the Society for the Study of Eastern European History (1981, Tosui Shobo) " ▽ "Introduction to the History of the Habsburg Empire" by Hans Kohn, translated by Inano Tsuyoshi, Minamizuka Shingo et al. (1982, Kobunsha) " ▽ "Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic History" edited by Ito Takayuki, Iuchi Toshio and Nakai Kazuo (1998, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "Danube Europe History" edited by Minamizuka Shingo (1999, Yamakawa Publishing) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ウクライナ西部とポーランド南東部とにまたがる歴史的地域。英語名ガリシアGalicia。ガリツィアはポーランド語。面積約8万平方キロメートル。第一次世界大戦直前の人口は約800万。うち約400万がポーランド人で主として西部に居住し、300万以上がルテニア人(ウクライナ人のドイツ語名)で東部に居住した。ほかに約80万のユダヤ人、数万のドイツ人が居住していた。 東部には、12世紀にキエフ・ルーシ(キエフ公国)から分離したガリツィア公国があった。西部は10世紀以来ポーランド王国領で、当時の同国の首都クラクフは、政治、文化の中心であった。14世紀に短期間ハンガリー王朝の間接統治を経て、14世紀の終わりにはポーランド王国の支配下に入った。だが1772年に始まったオーストリア、プロイセン、ロシアのポーランド分割によって、ガリツィア全域はクラクフ大公国を含むガリツィア・ロドメリア王国の名称のもとに、オーストリア・ハプスブルク家の領土に編入された。王国はルブフLwów(現ウクライナ領リボフ。ドイツ語名レンベルク)の地方庁のもとで、主としてドイツ人官僚によって管理された。19世紀にハプスブルク帝国内の諸民族の解放運動が活発になるなかで、ガリツィアのポーランド化が徐々に成功を収め、これが、圧倒的多数が農民であるルテニア人との民族的、階級的対立を激化させた。 第一次世界大戦後、ガリツィアは復興ポーランドの領土に復した。1945年2月のヤルタ会談では、1919年にポーランドとソ連との国境線として定められていたカーゾン線をポーランド東部国境とすることが決定され、東部ガリツィアはウクライナ領、西部ガリツィアはポーランド領となった。 [稲野 強] 『山本俊朗・井内敏夫著『ポーランド民族の歴史』(1980・三省堂)』▽『アンブロワーズ・ジョベール著、山本俊朗訳『ポーランド史』(1970・白水社)』▽『ピーター・シュガー、イヴォ・レデラー著、東欧史研究会訳『東欧のナショナリズム』(1981・刀水書房)』▽『ハンス・コーン著、稲野強・南塚信吾他訳『ハプスブルク帝国史入門』(1982・恒文社)』▽『伊東孝之・井内敏夫・中井和夫編『ポーランド・ウクライナ・バルト史』(1998・山川出版社)』▽『南塚信吾編『ドナウ・ヨーロッパ史』(1999・山川出版社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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