Equal temperament (English spelling)

Japanese: 平均律 - へいきんりつ(英語表記)temperament 英語
Equal temperament (English spelling)

A type of temperament. Generally, it refers to a tuning method that divides an octave or a specific pure interval into many equal parts and averages them, but originally, the term "temperament" meant a tuning that was "adjusted" by slightly adjusting the deviation in tone that occurs when calculating Pythagorean tuning or pure intonation.

Pythagorean tuning and just intonation have been used in Europe since the Middle Ages, but with the development of harmony and tonality, it became difficult to modulate, and this caused significant problems, especially with keyboard instruments where it was impossible to adjust the pitch when playing. For this reason, equal temperament was developed to expand the adaptability to keys, even if it reduced the purity of the sound to some extent. Various unequal equal temperament (such as meantone temperament) that partially modified just intonation was used from the 15th to the 19th century, but during that time, 12-tone equal temperament, which divides an octave into 12 equal semitones, was invented in the 16th century. This made it possible to close the circle of fifths with a fifth narrower by 1/12 comma as the basic unit in order to eliminate the slight pitch discrepancy (Pythagorean comma) between the fundamental tone and the tone obtained by stacking a pure fifth interval 12 times using the fixed fifth temperament method. Since there is no deviation between enharmonic notes, it made it possible to modulate on a 12-tone keyboard. Although 12-tone equal temperament has some shortcomings, such as the fact that it deviates from just intonation except for perfect eighths (the deviations are particularly large for major and minor thirds and sixths), and that it does not capture the harmonic distinction between consonance and dissonance in sound, it gradually began to be put into practical use from the 17th and 18th centuries, and from the second half of the 19th century onwards it came to be widely used worldwide, displacing all other systems.

Today, when people talk about equal temperament, they usually mean this 12-tone equal temperament, but there are many other equal temperament styles, and the most important of these is 53-tone equal temperament, which is the closest to just intonation. In China, Zhu Zaiku calculated and published 12-tone equal temperament in 1596, and in Japan, Nakane Genkei published it in 1692 (Genroku 5). Today, in Western Asia, 24-tone equal temperament is used to represent a unique microtonal temperament. Furthermore, in Thailand there is a tone sequence close to 7-tone equal temperament, and in Indonesia there is a tone sequence close to 5-tone equal temperament.

[Akiko Kawaguchi]

[Reference] | Tuning | Circle of fifths | Just intonation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

音律の一種。一般的にはオクターブまたは特定のある純正音程を多等分割して平均化する音律方式をさすが、元来temperamentとは、ピタゴラス音律や純正律の算出法から生じる音のずれをわずかに加減して「調節された」音律を意味する。

 ヨーロッパでは中世以来ピタゴラス音律や純正律が用いられてきたが、和声法や調性の発達に伴いそれでは転調が困難で、とくに演奏時の音高調整が不可能な鍵盤(けんばん)楽器において著しい支障が生じ始めた。このため、多少響きの純正度は減じても調に対する適応力を拡大しようと登場したのが平均律である。15~19世紀には純正律を部分修正したさまざまな不等分平均律(中全音律など)が用いられたが、その間、16世紀にはオクターブを12半音に等分した12平均律が考案された。これは、五度定律法によって純正五度音程を12回重ねて得た音と基音とのわずかな音程のずれ(ピタゴラス・コンマ)を解消するために、1/12コンマだけ狭い五度を基本単位として閉じた五度圏を可能にしたものである。異名同音間の偏差がないため、12音鍵盤上の転調を可能にした。12平均律は、完全八度以外は純正律からずれている(とくに長短三および六度のずれが大きい)、また和声法上の協和・不協和音の区別が響きのうえで得られないなどの欠点はあるが、17、18世紀からしだいに実用化され始め、19世紀後半以降は他を駆逐して広く世界的に用いられるようになった。

 今日平均律というと、この12平均律をさすことが多いが、等分平均律にはそのほかにも各種あり、なかでももっとも純正律に近いものとして53平均律が重要である。中国では朱載堉(しゅさいいく)が1596年に、日本では中根元圭(げんけい)が1692年(元禄5)にすでに12平均律を算出・発表しており、西アジアでは今日独自の微分音的音律を表すものとして24平均律が用いられている。さらに、タイには七等分平均律、インドネシアには五等分平均律に近い音列が存在する。

[川口明子]

[参照項目] | 音律 | 五度圏 | 純正調

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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