A mineral or mineral aggregate that is useful to human life, has economic value, and can be technically extracted and produced. Ores are composed of minerals that contain useful elements and are economically mined. They also include gangue minerals that do not contain useful elements. Gangue minerals are mostly generated during the mineralization process, but the host rocks that are incorporated into the ore body are also called gangue in geological terms. Generally, gangue minerals are more abundant in the ores in an ore deposit. Ores that contain some ore minerals but have low economic value are called "waste." The value of an ore is expressed in grade (weight %, ppm, etc.). Grade is usually expressed in g/t (grams per ton) for gold and silver, % for copper, lead, zinc, etc., and oxide form such as WO 3 % for tungsten, etc. Low-grade ores are called "poor ores." In actual operations, the boundary between whether "poor ore" is subject to mining or disposed of as "waste" at a pile is determined by setting a "minimum recoverable grade." The "minimum recoverable grade" of ore depends on social, economic, and technical factors, such as the prices of useful elements and minerals, and the costs of mining, transportation, dressing, smelting, and labor. It also depends greatly on special historical and regional (country-specific) circumstances. Ore as mined is called crude ore, and when it has been dressed to concentrate useful elements and have a high content, it is called concentrate. Concentrate is then smelted into bullion. The term ore is not only used to refer to elements or alloys of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, etc., or to aggregates whose main constituents are metallic minerals such as sulfides or oxides. The term ore is also used to refer to non-metallic minerals such as gypsum, sulfur, barite, alum, fluorite, feldspar, talc, asbestos, limestone, dolomite, and granite, as well as aggregates of soil and stone resources. Ores may contain only one type of useful element, such as sulfur or uranium, or may contain two or more types at the same time, such as gold-silver or copper-lead-zinc ore. Deposits from which ores are mined are broadly divided into four types based on their origin: magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic deposits produce chromium, nickel, platinum group metals, iron, titanium, tin, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, diamonds, and other elements. Hydrothermal deposits produce a variety of elements and minerals, including copper, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, bismuth, lead, zinc, iron, gold, silver, mercury, uranium, manganese, feldspar, sulfur, and barite. Sedimentary deposits produce iron, copper, manganese, gold dust, platinum dust, chromium dust, uranium, limestone, nickel, and cobalt, while metamorphic deposits produce copper, manganese, graphite, asbestos, talc, iron sulfide, and silica. [Hiroaki Kaneda] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人間生活にとって有用で、経済的価値をもち、かつ技術的に採掘・生産が可能な鉱物あるいは鉱物の集合体のこと。鉱石は、有用元素を含む鉱物などで構成され、経済的に採掘の対象となる。また、有用元素を含有しない脈石鉱物を含む。脈石鉱物は、鉱化作用の過程で生成されるものがほとんどであるが、鉱体に取り込まれた鉱床母岩も地質学的に脈石とよぶこともある。一般に、鉱床中の鉱石のうち脈石鉱物の含有量のほうが多い。多少の鉱石鉱物を含んでいても経済的価値の低いものを「ずり」とよぶ。鉱石の価値は、品位(重量%、ppmなど)で表される。品位は通常、金、銀はg/t(トン当りのグラム数)、銅、鉛、亜鉛などは%、タングステンなどはWO3%のような酸化物の形で表される。品位の低い鉱石は「貧鉱」とよばれる。「貧鉱」が採掘の対象になるか「ずり」として堆積(たいせき)場に廃棄されるかの境界は、実際の操業においては「最低可採品位(最低採掘品位)cut-off-grade」を設定することにより決められる。鉱石の「最低可採品位」は、有用元素・鉱物の価格、採掘・運搬・選鉱・製錬・人件費など、社会・経済的要因や技術的要因に左右される。また、時代的および地域的(国別)特殊事情などにも大きく依存する。採掘されたままの鉱石を粗鉱、選鉱されて有用元素が濃集し、その含有率が高くなったものを精鉱という。精鉱は製錬されて地金(じがね)となる。 鉱石は、金、銀、銅、鉛、亜鉛、鉄などからなる単体や合金、または硫化鉱物、酸化鉱物の金属鉱物を主要構成鉱物とする集合体に対してのみ用いられる用語ではない。石膏(せっこう)、硫黄(いおう)、重晶石、明礬(みょうばん)石、蛍石(ほたるいし)、長石、滑石、石綿、石灰石、ドロマイト(苦灰岩)、花崗(かこう)岩などの非金属鉱物や土石資源用の集合体に対しても鉱石という用語が使用される。鉱石に含まれる有用元素は、硫黄やウランなどの鉱石のように1種類の場合もあるし、金・銀鉱石や銅・鉛・亜鉛鉱石のように同時に2種以上を含むこともある。 鉱石が採掘される鉱床は、その成因から、マグマ成、熱水成(熱水性)、堆積成、そして変成の四つに大別される。マグマ成鉱床からはクロム、ニッケル、白金族、鉄、チタン、錫(すず)、タングステン、ニオブ、タンタル、ダイヤモンドなどが採掘される。熱水成鉱床からは銅、タングステン、モリブデン、錫、蒼鉛(そうえん)、鉛、亜鉛、鉄、金、銀、水銀、ウラン、マンガン、長石、硫黄、重晶石など多様の元素、鉱物が採掘対象になる。堆積成鉱床からは鉄、銅、マンガン、砂金、砂白金、砂クロム、ウラン、石灰石、ニッケル、コバルトなどの鉱石、そして変成鉱床からは銅、マンガン、黒鉛、石綿、滑石、硫化鉄、珪石(けいせき)などの鉱石が採掘される。 [金田博彰] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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