Distributed processing

Japanese: 分散処理 - ぶんさんしょり
Distributed processing

Dividing a task into multiple parts and processing them simultaneously in parallel. When this type of processing is done on one computer, it is called parallel processing, but when it is done on multiple computers connected to a network, it is often called distributed processing. It is not completely distributed and the processing is completed, but rather it always includes dividing the task and integrating the results, so it would be more accurate to call it distributed and integrated processing. In recent years, the cost of hardware, especially PCs, has decreased, and the communication networks that connect them have become faster, so there are many cases where a single task is performed using hundreds of PCs. For example, there is an example of decrypting a code. However, not only when a set task is processed simultaneously in parallel by multiple computers like this, but also in general, in office work, a system in which processing is not centralized by a central computer, but is performed by a group of PCs in a network is also said to be distributed processing. In this case, the system is one in which multiple computers can easily share resources (functions such as files and printers). This has the great advantage of allowing information and resources to be shared quickly and without problems within an organization, and it is the basis of modern office automation (OA). A database in which a database is distributed across multiple computers and distributed processing is performed is called a distributed database.

[Tamura Koichi]

"Distributed Processing" by Norio Shiratori and Makoto Takizawa (1996, Maruzen)

[Reference] | Office Computers | Computers | Information Management

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一つの仕事を複数に分割し、同時並行して処理すること。このような処理を1台のコンピュータで行う場合は並列処理とよばれるが、ネットワークに接続された複数台のコンピュータで行われる場合に分散処理とよばれることが多い。完全に分散して処理を完了させるわけではなく、仕事の分割と結果の統合をかならず含むため、分散・統合処理とよぶほうが正確であろう。近年、パソコンを中心としてハードウェアの低価格化が進み、またそれらを接続する通信網の高速化が進んだため、数百台以上のパソコンを使用して一つの仕事を行わせるケースも多い。たとえば暗号の解読を行った例がある。しかし、このように定められた仕事を複数のコンピュータで同時並行して処理する場合だけでなく、一般に、オフィス業務などで、センターのコンピュータによって集中的に処理を行わせるのではなく、ネットワークを組んだパソコン群によって行わせるようなシステムもやはり分散処理を行っているという。この場合、複数のコンピュータが資源(ファイルやプリンターなどの機能)を容易に共有できるシステムになる。これにより組織内で情報と資源の共有を迅速に障害なくできるという大きなメリットが生じ、現代のオフィスオートメーション(OA)の基本をなすものとなっている。複数のコンピュータにデータベースを分散して置き、分散処理を行うものは分散データベースとよんでいる。

[田村浩一郎]

『白鳥則郎・滝沢誠著『分散処理』(1996・丸善)』

[参照項目] | オフィスコンピュータ | コンピュータ | 情報管理

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