Abū 'Abd allāh Muammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

Japanese: フワーリズミー - ふわーりずみー(英語表記)Abū ‘Abd allāh Muammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
Abū 'Abd allāh Muammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

An Islamic mathematician, astronomer, and geographer from Khwarizm. He was active during the reign of al-Ma'mūn, the seventh caliph of the Abbasid dynasty (reigned 813-833). He was the greatest scholar of mathematics at the time, and as can be seen from the title of his book Algoritmi de numero Indorum (Calculations with Indian Numerals), the original of which has been lost but a Latin translation remains, he was one of the people who introduced Arabic numerals to Europe. His name al-Khwarizmi was Latinized as algoritmi, which further became the common noun algorithm, meaning "calculation with Arabic numerals."

He also wrote a more important book, Isāb al-jabr wal-muqābala (Restore and Contrast). The word al-jabr in the original title is today's algebra. In this book, he solves linear and quadratic equations. Quadratic equations have six forms in today's notation: x 2 =5x , x 2 =4, x=2, x 2 +10x=39, x 2 +21=10x, x 2 12x 188. These correspond to the cases of ax 2 +bx+c=0, where c=0, b=0, a=0, c<0, b<0, a<0, respectively. The book is limited to positive roots and does not deal with negative roots. This book is also a kind of introductory book to applied mathematics, and perhaps for that reason, it does not use algebraic symbols, but only concrete numbers. He also produced astronomical and trigonometric tables, and wrote Kitāb s.ūrat al-ard (The Book on the Surface of the Earth), revising both the geographical texts and maps of Ptolemy.

[Hirata Hiroshi]

[Reference] | Algorithm

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フワーリズム(ホラズム)出身のイスラムの数学者、天文学者、地理学者。アッバース王朝第7代カリフのマームーンal-Ma‘mūn(在位813~833)のころに活躍した。とくに数学では当時最大の学者で、たとえば、原書は失われたがラテン語訳が残っている彼の著書『インド数字による計算法』Algoritmi de numero Indorumの題名からもわかるように、彼はアラビア数字をヨーロッパに伝えた一人である。彼の名アル・フワーリズミーがラテン語に変化してアルゴリトミとなり、それがさらに「アラビア数字による計算法」を意味する普通名詞アルゴリズムalgorismになった。

 彼にはさらに重要な著書『復元(移項)と対比(同類項)の整理』isāb al-jabr wal-muqābalaがある。そしてこの原題中の「アル・ジャブル」al-jabrが今日の「代数」algebraになっている。この書で、一次と二次の方程式を解いている。二次方程式では、今日の表記では、x2=5x,x2=4,x=2,x2+10x=39,x2+21=10x,x2=12x+188 の6形式になり、これらはax2+bx+c=0のそれぞれc=0,b=0,a=0,c<0,b<0,a<0の場合に相当し、正根に限られ負根の場合は扱っていない。また、この書は応用数学の入門書のようなもので、そのためか、代数記号を用いず、具体的な数字だけで通している。このほか、天文表や三角法の表を作製し、『地球の表面の書』Kitāb s.ūrat al-ard.を書いてプトレマイオスの地理学のテキストと地図の双方を改正した。

[平田 寛]

[参照項目] | アルゴリズム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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