…For example, there are Greek basileus, basileōn, and Persian shāhānshāh), but the term emperor as superior to kings, which has been a problem in Europe since the Middle Ages, comes from the Roman Empire. In Romance and Celtic languages, the Latin term imperator is used, and in Germanic and Baltic-Slavic languages, the Latin term caesar is used (for the Greek term, see (3) below). (1) Imperator comes from the Latin imperare, which means "to command," and originally referred to the person with the highest command authority over the military, and was used by Augustus as part of his title (imperator caesar). … From [Tsar]…In Russian, it is also used to refer to the sovereigns of ancient nations such as Babylonia and Rome, and to the eastern countries, and in this case it is roughly synonymous with korori, which refers to the kings of European countries. Etymologically, Tsar is a corrupted form of the ancient Roman Caesar, and there are two theories about its origin: either it entered Russian directly from the West, or it came from Byzantium (Greek) or the Balkans (Bulgarian). In the Balkans, the title was used by medieval Bulgarian sovereigns in the 10th to 14th centuries, and by the Serbian king Stefan Dušan from 1346 to 1355, and was later adopted as an official title by the sovereigns of the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908-46). … *Some of the terminology that mentions "Caesar" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…たとえば,ギリシア語のbasileus,basileōn,ペルシア語のshāhānshāhに相当)のようなものがあるが,中世以来ヨーロッパで問題となる,王に優越するものとしての皇帝という名称はローマ帝国に由来する。その場合,ロマンス語およびケルト諸語ではインペラトルimperator,ゲルマン語およびバルト・スラブ語ではカエサルcaesarという,いずれもラテン語の名称が用いられている(ギリシア語については,以下の(3)参照)。(1)imperatorは,〈命令する〉を意味するラテン語imperareに由来し,最初は主として軍隊に対し最高の指揮権をもつ者を指し,アウグストゥスによって,その称号の一部として(imperator caesar)用いられるようになった。… 【ツァーリ】より…ロシア語ではほかにバビロニア,ローマなどの古代国家や東方諸国の君主をさすのにも使われ,この場合にはヨーロッパ諸国の国王をさすコローリとほぼ同義である。ツァーリは語源的には古代ローマのカエサルCaesarのくずれた形で,これは直接西方からロシア語に入ったという説と,ビザンティウム(ギリシア語)・バルカン(ブルガリア語)経由説とがある。バルカンでは中世ブルガリアの君主が10~14世紀に,またセルビア王ステファン・ドゥシャンが1346‐55年にこの称号を使用し,のちのブルガリア王国(1908‐46)の君主もこれを正式の称号とした。… ※「Caesar」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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