Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand

Japanese: ガードン(英語表記)Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand
Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand
Born October 2, 1933. Dippenhall, British developmental biologist. He was planning to study classical literature at Oxford University, but switched to biology, graduating in 1956 and earning his doctorate in 1960. After serving as a postdoctoral researcher at California Institute of Technology, he returned to Oxford University in 1962. In 1989, he was one of the founders of the Wellcome Trust Cancer Institute at Cambridge University. Due to his achievements, including serving as its director until 2001, the institute was renamed the Gurdon Institute in 2004. In 1952, when it was believed that cells that differentiate after repeated division after fertilization between sperm and eggs permanently lose their pluripotency, which allows them to become any cell they were originally made from. He succeeded in transplanting the nucleus of a tadpole intestinal epithelial cell into a frog egg whose nucleus had been killed by ultraviolet light, and in raising the tadpole to a frog, demonstrating that it is possible to initialize the nucleus of a differentiated cell to restore pluripotency. The successful reprogramming of cells using nuclear transfer contributed to the evolution of cloning, and 50 years later, Shinya Yamanaka's research into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), in which four genes were introduced, opened the door to applications in regenerative medicine, treatment through the cultivation of patient cells, drug development, and more. In 2012, he and Yamanaka shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their achievement in demonstrating the possibility of reprogramming (reprogramming), which is the process of transforming mature and specialized adult cells into pluripotent cells. He was knighted in 1995. He received the Royal Medal in 1985, the Copley Medal in 2003, and the Lasker Award in 2009.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1933.10.2. ディッペンホール
イギリスの発生生物学者。オックスフォード大学で古典文学を学ぼうとしたのち生物学に転向,1956年に卒業,1960年に博士号を取得した。カリフォルニア工科大学で博士研究員を務めたのち,1962年にオックスフォード大学に戻った。1989年からはケンブリッジ大学ウェルカムトラスト癌研究所の創設者の一人として活躍。2001年まで同所長を務めるなどの功績により,2004年に同研究所はガードン研究所となった。精子と卵子が受精後,分裂を繰り返して分化した細胞は,元のようなどんな細胞にでもなれる多能性を永久に失うと考えられていた時代の 1952年に,紫外線で核を殺したカエルの卵にオタマジャクシの腸上皮細胞の核を移植,発生を進めてオタマジャクシからカエルまで育てることに成功,分化した細胞の核に多能性を復活させる初期化が可能であることを示した。核移植という方法で成功した細胞の初期化は,その後クローニング(→クローン)の進化に貢献し,またその 50年後に四つの遺伝子を導入した山中伸弥の人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)研究によって再生医療,患者細胞の培養による治療,薬剤開発などへ応用する広い道が開けた。2012年,成熟・特殊化した成体の細胞を多能性をもつ細胞に変える,いわゆるリプログラミング(初期化)が可能なことを示した功績により,山中とともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。1995年にナイトに叙された。1985年ロイヤル・メダル,2003年コプリー・メダル,2009年ラスカー賞を受けた。

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