This name is given to soil that corresponds to prairie grasslands in a semi-arid climate, but it was originally called in the prairie region of the United States, and the name brunizem is now more commonly used. In prairies, which are denser than steppe grasslands, a large amount of humus accumulates to form a thick, dark topsoil, and base deficiency is slight, resulting in the appearance of a highly fertile soil. The process of humus accumulation can be seen in the cross section, and it is similar to chernozems, but since the precipitation is greater than in chernozem zones and it is a transitional zone with forest vegetation, there is a tendency for base leaching, and no calcium accumulation layer is confirmed. In addition to the Corn Belt of the American Great Plains, the Pampas in Argentina are also representative distribution areas of this soil. Due to the zonal distribution relationship with wetlands, a transition to brown forest soil, or a transition to podzol and gray forest soil in the high latitudes of Eurasia is observed. [Shigeo Asami] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
半乾燥気候下のプレーリー草原に対応する土壌としてこの名があるが、アメリカのプレーリー地方でよばれていたもので、ブルニゼムbrunizemの呼称が現在では一般的である。ステップの草原よりも密度の濃いプレーリーでは、多量の腐植が集積して厚い暗色の表土をつくり、塩基の流乏は軽微であるためいわゆる肥沃(ひよく)度の高い土壌が出現している。腐植集積過程がその断面にみられるのが特徴であって、チェルノゼムと同類であるが、降水量がチェルノゼム地帯より多く、森林植生との移行地帯にあたるので塩基の溶脱傾向がみられ、カルシウム分の集積層は確認されない。アメリカ大平原のコーンベルトのほか、アルゼンチンのパンパもこの土壌の代表的分布域の一つである。湿潤地との帯状分布関係から、褐色森林土への移行、あるいはユーラシアの高緯度側ではポドゾル、灰色森林土への移行が認められる。 [浅海重夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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