Court of Appeal

Japanese: Court of Appeal（英語表記）CourtofAppeal

…The main sources of law are common law, equity law, and acts of Parliament, but the weight of acts of Parliament has been steadily increasing, and the binding power of precedent has been weakening in recent years. For example, in criminal proceedings in England, more than 90% of criminal cases are handled by the Magistrates' Court, which is usually composed of about three magistrates who do not have legal qualifications, and the remaining serious crimes are handled by the Crown Court, which was established in 1971, and appeals from both courts are handled by the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. The judicial system enjoys high prestige and autonomy as the center of the rule of law, and while it retains traditions such as lay judges and juries, it has also been undergoing reforms such as state aid for litigation costs (introduced in 1949) and the abolition of the death penalty (1965). …

From the High Court

…
[In Europe and the US]
A three-tiered court system with an appeals court between the court of first instance and the highest court, and a three-tiered court system for lawsuits, is also common in other countries. In the federal court system of the United States, the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit, in the Federal Republic of Germany the Oberlandesgericht, in France the Cour d'appel, and in the United Kingdom the Court of Appeal, are equivalent to the High Court of Japan. However, the court system reflects the unique circumstances of each country, and there are some aspects that cannot be viewed as uniformly similar to those in Japan, such as the fact that the Court of Appeal in the United Kingdom is one throughout the country, and that the Oberlandesgericht in Germany is a federal institution, while the Landgericht of first instance is an institution for each state.

From the Judge:

…There are no qualifications for the Lord Chancellor, but he is usually appointed from among those who hold the title of barrister. The judges of the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal are appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister, the judges of the High Court are appointed by the King on the advice of the Lord Chancellor, and the other judges are appointed by the Lord Chancellor. These judges can hold office until retirement age, and legally they can be dismissed by resolution of both Houses of Parliament, but there have been no recent cases of this happening. …

*Some of the terminology referenced in "Court of Appeal" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…主たる法源はコモン･ロー，衡平法，議会制定法であるが，議会制定法の比重は着実に増し，先例の拘束力も近年緩和されつつある。イングランドの刑事訴訟を例にとれば，刑事事件の9割以上が，通例法的専門資格のない3名程度の治安判事からなる治安判事裁判所Magistrates’ Courtで，残りの重大犯罪が1971年に発足した刑事裁判所Crown Courtで扱われ，両法廷からの控訴は控訴裁判所Court of Appealの刑事部でなされる。司法制度は法の支配の中心として高い威信と自律を享受し，素人判事や陪審員制などの伝統を残している半面，訴訟費用の国家扶助(1949導入)や死刑廃止(1965)などの改革も進められてきた。…

【高等裁判所】より

…
［欧米の場合］
　第一審の裁判所と最上位の裁判所の中間に控訴のための裁判所を置いて，裁判所体系を3段階に構成し，訴訟について三審制を採るのは，外国にもしばしばみられる例である。アメリカ合衆国の連邦裁判所体系ではUnited States Court of Appeals for the circuit，ドイツ連邦共和国ではOberlandesgericht，フランスではCour d’appel，イギリスではCourt of Appealが，日本の高等裁判所に相当するといってよい。しかし裁判所の体系は各国それぞれの特殊事情を如実に反映しており，イギリスのCourt of Appealは全国を通じて一つであるとか，ドイツのOberlandesgerichtは連邦の機関であり，第一審のLandgerichtが各邦(ラント)の機関であるのと異なるなど，日本の場合とすべて一律視することはできないところがある。…

【裁判官】より

…大法官について，資格の定めはないが，バリスターbarrister―法廷弁護士の称号を有する者の中から，任命されるのが通例である。貴族院House of Lordsおよび控訴院Court of Appealの裁判官は，首相の助言に基づいて国王が任命し，高等法院High Courtの裁判官は，大法官の助言に基づいて国王が任命し，このほかの裁判官は大法官が任命する。これらの裁判官は定年に至るまでその職にとどまることができ，法律上は議会両院の決議によって罷免されることがありうるが，近年はその例はない。…

※「Court of Appeal」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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